se
the compound form, and _this is_ THE _perfect participle_;" (p. 79;)--that,
"_The characteristic_ of the participle in _ed_ is, that it implies the
_reception_ of an action;" (p. 79;)--that, hence, it should be called _the
passive_, though it "is _usually_ called the _perfect_ participle;" (p.
79;)--that, "The use of _this participle_ in the _perfect tenses_ of the
active voice should not be taken into consideration in giving it a name or
a definition;" (p. 80;)--that its _active, neuter_, or _intransitive_ use
is not a primitive idiom of the language, but the result of a gradual
_change_ of the term from the passive to the active voice; (p. 80;)--that,
"the participle _has changed_ its mode of signification, so that, instead
of being passive, it is now active in sense;" (p. 105;)--that, "having
changed its original meaning so entirely, it should not be considered _the
same_ participle;" (p. 78;)--that, "in such cases, it is a _perfect_
participle," and, "for the sake of distinction [,] this may be called the
_auxiliary perfect_ participle."--_Ib._ These speculations I briefly throw
before the reader, without designing much comment upon them. It will be
perceived that they are, in several respects, contradictory one to an
other. The author himself names the participle in reference to a usage
which he says, "should not be taken into consideration;" and names it
absurdly too; for he calls that "the _auxiliary_," which is manifestly the
_principal_ term. He also identifies as one what he professes to
distinguish as two.

OBS. 11.--Participles often become _adjectives_, and are construed before
nouns to denote quality. The terms so converted form the class of
_participial adjectives_. Words of a participial form may be regarded as
adjectives, under the following circumstances: 1. When they reject the idea
of time, and denote something customary or habitual, rather than a
transient act or state; as, "A _lying_ rogue,"--i.e., one that is addicted
to lying. 2. When they admit adverbs of comparison; as, "A _more learned_
man." 3. When they are compounded with something that does not belong to
the verb; as, "_unfeeling, unfelt_:" there is no verb _to unfeel_,
therefore these words cannot be participles. Adjectives are generally
placed before their nouns; participles, after them. The words beginning
with _un_, in the following lines may be classed with participial
adjectives:

"No king, no subject was; unscutcheoned all;