ion of sacred books,
required enormous sums. The Lamas enjoyed a preponderating influence, and
stood much higher than the priests of other creeds, living in the palace
as if in their own house. The perfumes, which M. Polo mentions, were used
by the Lamas for two purposes; they used them for joss-sticks, and for
making small turrets, known under the name of _ts'a-ts'a_; the joss-sticks
used to be burned in the same way as they are now; the _ts'a-ts'a_ were
inserted in _suburgas_ or buried in the ground. At the time when the
_suburga_ was built in the garden of the Peking palace in 1271, there were
used, according to the Empress' wish, 1008 turrets made of the most
expensive perfumes, mixed with pounded gold, silver, pearls, and corals,
and 130,000 _ts'a-ts'a_ made of ordinary perfumes." (_Palladius_, 29.--H.
C.)]

NOTE 13.--There is no exaggeration in this number. Turner speaks of 2500
monks in one Tibetan convent. Huc mentions Chorchi, north of the Great
Wall, as containing 2000; and Kunbum, where he and Gabet spent several
months, on the borders of Shensi and Tibet, had nearly 4000. The
missionary itinerary from Nepal to L'hasa given by Giorgi, speaks of a
group of convents at a place called Brephung, which formerly contained
10,000 inmates, and at the time of the journey (about 1700) still
contained 5000, including attendants. Dr. Campbell gives a list of twelve
chief convents in L'hasa and its vicinity (not including the Potala or
Residence of the Grand Lama), of which one is said to have 7500 members,
resident and itinerary. Major Montgomerie's Pandit gives the same convent
7700 Lamas. In the great monastery at L'hasa called _Labrang_, they show a
copper kettle holding more than 100 buckets, which was used to make tea
for the Lamas who performed the daily temple service. The monasteries are
usually, as the text says, like small towns, clustered round the great
temples. That represented at p. 224 is at Jehol, and is an imitation of
the Potala at L'hasa. (_Huc's Tartary_, etc., pp. 45, 208, etc.; _Alph.
Tibetan_, 453; _J. A. S. B._ XXIV. 219; _J. R. G. S._ XXXVIII. 168;
_Koeppen_, II. 338.) [_La Geographie_, II. 1901, pp. 242-247, has an
article by Mr. J. Deniker, _La Premiere Photographie de Lhassa_, with a
view of _Potala_, in 1901, from a photograph by M. O. Norzunov; it is
interesting to compare it with the view given by Kircher in 1670.--H. C.]

["The monasteries with numbers of monks, who, as M. Polo asserts, be