esent indicates a state in opposition to one
preceding it, _ga_ is used before the adjective, or if in opposition
to a future state, the verb _ando_ follows.

Ex. _Kuku ga ko_, the tobacco is bad; _balava ga ua_, the bread is
finished; _indi ga kouatu_, the knife is on the box; _ambe g'ifa_,
the banana is good; _ambe gos' ando_, the banana is (still) green
(not ripe).

The past is more difficult to express. It always requires an adverb
of time.

Ex. _Mele maleke ifa, audati ga ko_, the child formerly was good,
now he is bad.

3. For other tenses the verb is translated only by the auxiliaries
_-elele_ and _-angege_, for which cf. p. 322, 7.

VIII. Auxiliary Verbs.

1. The particle _ga_ may be used to make any expression whatever
attributive.

Ex. _Yu g'ua_, the water is finished (_i.e_., is not); _malele ga
kouatsi_, the book is in the box.

In such examples there is almost the sense of a past action, as if
it were "The water (has become) nothing," "the book has been put
(is already in) the box."

2. The verbs _ete, tede_, to say, or to do, and _elele_, to become,
are often used to form a noun stem into a verb. _Ete_ and _tede_
give the sense of _sounding_, _elele_ gives the sense of _using_
whatever the noun expresses.

Ex.

_fioli_, flute, _fioliete_, to play the flute.
_yuve_, water, _yuv' elele_, to bathe.
_ule_, thunder, _ulonete_, to thunder.
_ivule_, dye, _ivul' elele_, to paint one's self.
_andavale_, crying, _andav' ete_, to weep.
_bule_, earth, _bul' elele_, to cultivate.

3. The Tenses, etc., of these verbs are found as follows:

1 2

Pres. indic. ete or tede. elele.
Imperative. ta. elau, ele, e.
Past indic. te(ne). elame.
Subjunctive. to(me), to(le). elo(me), elo(le).
Past indic. ta(me). elene.
Infinitive. ta(me). ela(me).
Future indic. tatsi(me). elatsi(me).
Verbal adj. tond(ana). ?

4. The negative is formed regularly by _mi_.

Ex. _nani yu mi elatsi_, I shall not bathe; _degu mi e_, don't
get dirty.

5. The interrogative is regular.

Pres. or past, _tena?_ or _tama? elena?_ or _elama?_ Fut. _toma?_
and _tola? eloma?_ and _elola?_

6. The auxiliaries _ete, tede, elele_, should be distinguished from
the regular verb, _tede_ or _ta_, to make. The latter is a distinct
verb used when the result o