d 3 provides for the shear.

_Third Point._--In a beam, the shear rods run through the compression
parts of the concrete and have sufficient anchorage. In a counterfort,
the inclined rods are sufficient to take the overturning stress. The
horizontal rods support the front wall and provide for shrinkage. The
vertical rods also provide for shrinkage, and assist the diagonal rods
against overturning. The anchorage is sufficient in all cases, and the
proposed method is no more effective.

_Fourth Point._--In bridge pins, bending and bearing usually govern,
but, in case a wide bar pulled on a pin between the supports close to
the bar, as happens in bolsters and post-caps of combination bridges and
in other locations, shear would govern. Shear rods in concrete-steel
beams are proportioned to take the vertical and diagonal shearing
stresses. If proportioned for less stress per square inch than is used
in the bottom bars, this cannot be considered dangerous practice.

_Fifth Point._--Vertical stirrups are designed to act like the vertical
rods in a Howe truss. Special literature is not required on the subject;
it is known that the method used gives good results, and that is
sufficient.

_Sixth Point._--The common method is not "to assume each shear member as
taking the horizontal shear occurring in the space from member to
member," but to take all the shear from the center of the beam up to the
bar in question.

Cracks do not necessarily endanger the safety of a beam. Any device that
will prevent the cracks from opening wide enough to destroy the beam, is
logical. By numerous experiments, Mr. Thaddeus Hyatt found that nuts and
washers at the ends of reinforcing bars were worse than useless, and
added nothing to the strength of the beams.

_Seventh Point._--Beams can be designed, supported at the ends, fully
continuous, or continuous to a greater or less extent, as desired. The
common practice is to design slabs to take a negative moment over the
supports equal to one-half the positive moment at the center, or to bend
up the alternate rods. This is simple and good practice, for no beam can
fail as long as a method is provided by which to take care of all the
stresses without overstraining any part.

_Eighth Point._--Bars in the bottom of a reinforced concrete beam are
often placed too close to one another. The rule of spacing the bars not
less than three diameters apart, is believed to be good practice.

_Ninth Point._-