column, than there is with the ordinary
structural steel column, since the core is solid and the conditions are
similar in all cases.

Tests of five columns are submitted herewith. The columns varied little
in size, but somewhat in the amount of hooping, with slight differences
in the vertical steel. The difference between Columns 1 and 3 is nearly
50%, due principally to the increase in hooping, and to a small addition
in the amount of vertical steel. As to the efficiency of hooping and
vertical reinforcement, the question may be asked Mr. Godfrey, and those
who share his views, whether a column without reinforcement can be cast,
which will equal the strength of those, the tests of which are
submitted.

TEST NO. 1.[I]

Marks on column--none.

Reinforcement--eight 1-1/8-in. round bars vertically.

Band spacing--- 9 in. vertically.

Hooped with seven 32-in. wire spirals about 2-in. raise.

Outside diameter of hoops--14-1/2 in.

Total load at failure--1,360,000 lb.

Remarks.--Point of failure was about 22 in. from the top. Little
indication of failure until ultimate load was reached.

Some slight breaking off of concrete near the top cap, due possibly to
the cap not being well seated in the column itself.

TEST NO. 2.

Marks on column--Box 4.

Reinforcement--eight 1-1/8-in. round bars vertically.

Band spacing about 13 in. vertically.

Wire spiral about 3-in. pitch.

Point of failure about 18 in. from top.

Top of cast-iron cap cracked at four corners.

Ultimate load--1,260,000 lb.

Remarks.--Both caps apparently well seated, as was the case with all the
subsequent tests.

TEST NO. 3.

Marks on column--4-B.

Reinforcement--eight 7/8-in. round bars vertically.

Hoops--1-3/4 in. x 3/16 in. x 14 in. outside diameter.

Band spacing--13 in. vertically.

Ultimate load--900,000 lb.

Point of failure about 2 ft. from top.

Remarks.--Concrete, at failure, considerably disintegrated, probably due
to continuance of movement of machine after failure.

TEST NO. 4.

Marks on column--Box 4.

Reinforcement--eight 1-in. round bars vertically.

Hoops spaced 8 in. vertically.

Wire spirals as on other columns.

Total load at failure--1,260,000 lb.

Remarks.--First indications of failure were nearest the bottom end of
the column, but the total failure was, as in all other columns, within 2
ft. of the top. Large cracks in the shell of the column extended from
both ends to very near the