ubstances often seen on the trunks of elm trees is useless, since
these bands only prevent the larvae from crawling down from the
leaves to the base and serve to prevent nothing from crawling up.
Scraping the trunks of elm trees is also a waste of effort.

[Illustration: FIG. 100.--The Elm Leaf Beetle. (After Dr. E.P. Felt.)

1. Egg cluster, enlarged. 1a. Single egg, greatly enlarged. 2. Young
larva, enlarged. 3. Full grown larva, much enlarged. 4. Pupa, enlarged.
5. Overwintered beetle, enlarged. 6. Fresh, brightly colored beetle,
enlarged. 7. Under surface of leaf showing larvae feeding. 8. Leaf eaten
by larvae. 9. Leaf showing holes eaten by beetles.]

THE TUSSOCK MOTH

Life history: This insect appears in the form of a red-headed,
yellow-colored caterpillar during the latter part of May, and in
June and July. The caterpillars surround themselves with silken
cocoons and change into pupae. The mature moths emerge from the
cocoons after a period of about two weeks, and the females, which
are wingless, soon deposit their eggs on the bark of trees, on
twigs, fences, and other neighboring objects. These eggs form white
clusters of nearly 350 individual eggs each, and are very
conspicuous all winter, see Fig. 101.

Remedies: There are two ways of combating this insect: (1) By spraying
with arsenate of lead for the caterpillars during the latter part of
May and early June. (2) By removing and destroying the egg masses in
the fall or winter.

[Illustration: FIG. 101.--The Tussock Moth. (After Dr. E.P. Felt.)

1. Caterpillar. 2. Male moth. 3. Female moth laying eggs. 4 Cocoons. 5.
Cast skins of caterpillar. 6. Work of young caterpillar. 7. Male pupa. 8
and 9. Girdled branches.]

THE GIPSY MOTH

Life history: This insect, imported from Europe to this country in 1868,
has ever since proved a serious enemy of most shade, forest, and
fruit trees in the New England States. It even feeds on
evergreens, killing the trees by a single defoliation.

The insect appears in the caterpillar stage from April to July. It
feeds at night and rests by day. The mature caterpillar, which is
dark in color, may be recognized by rows of blue and red spots along
its back. After July, egg masses are deposited by the female moths
on the bark of trees, and on leaves, fences, and other neighboring
objects. Here they remain over the winter until they