s used for
house construction, interior finish, tanks and flumes, shingles,
posts, and boxes. It is very durable.

II. WOODS WITH PORES--BROADLEAF, OR SO-CALLED "HARDWOODS"

A. Ring-porous.

1. Woods with a portion of the rays very large and conspicuous.

Oak. The wood of all of the oaks is heavy, hard, and strong. They may be
separated into two groups. The white oaks and the red or black oaks.

(a) White oaks. Pores in early wood plugged with tyloses, collected in
a few rows. Fig. 146. The transition from the large pores to the
small ones in the late wood is abrupt. The latter are very small,
numerous, and appear as irregular grayish bands widening toward the
outer edge of the annual ring. Impossible usually to see into the
small pores with magnifier.

(b) Red or black oaks. Pores are usually open though tyloses may
occur, Fig. 147; the early wood pores are in several rows and the
transition to the small ones in late wood is gradual. The latter are
fewer, larger and more distinct than in white oak and it is
possible to see into them with a hand lens.

The wood of the oaks is used for all kinds of furniture, interior
finish, cooperage, vehicles, cross-ties, posts, fuel, and
construction timber.

2. Woods with none of the rays large and conspicuous.

(a) Pores in late wood small and in radial lines, wood parenchyma in
inconspicuous tangential lines.

Chestnut. Pores in early wood in a broad band, oval in shape, mostly
free from tyloses. Pores in late wood in flame-like radial white
patches that are plainly visible without lens. Color medium brown.
Nearly odorless and tasteless. Chestnut is readily separated from
oak by its weight and absence of large rays; from black ash by the
arrangement of the pores in the late wood; from sassafras by the
arrangement of the pores in the late wood, the less conspicuous
rays, and the lack of distinct color.

The wood is used for cross-ties, telegraph and telephone poles,
posts, furniture, cooperage, and tannin extract. Durable in contact
with the ground.

(b) Pores in late wood small, not radially arranged, being distributed
singly or in groups. Wood parenchyma around pores or extending wing-like
from pores in late wood, often forming irregular tangential lines.

1. Ash. Pores in early wood in a rather broad band (occasionally
narrow), oval in shape, see Fi