7, 189.) The
murderer, on his accession to the throne (1325), assumed the style of
Muhammad bin Tughlak Shah.

8. Jalal-ud-din Firoz Shah Khilji was murdered by his son-in-law and
nephew Ala-ud-din at Karra on the Ganges in July, A.D. 1296. The
murderer reigned until A.D. 1315 under the title of Ala-ud-din
Muhammad Shah, Sikandar Sani.

9. As already noted, his proper style is Muhammad bin Tughlak Shah.
The word _bin_ means 'son of'. The Sultan is never called 'Muhammad
the Third'.

10. A Muhammadan must, if he can, say his prayers with the prescribed
forms five times in the twenty-four hours; and on Friday, which is
their sabbath, he must, if he can, say three prayers in the church
_masjid_. On other days he may say them where he pleases. Every
prayer must begin with the first chapter of the Koran--this is the
grace to every prayer. This said, the person may put in what other
prayers of the Koran he pleases, and ask for that which he most
wants, as long as it does not injure other Musalmans. This is the
first chapter of the Koran: 'Praise be to God the Lord of all
creatures--the most merciful--the King of the day of judgement. Thee
do we worship, and of Thee do we beg assistance. Direct us in the
right way--in the way of those to whom Thou hast been gracious; not
of those against whom Thou art incensed; nor of those who go astray.'
[W. H. S.] The quotation is from Sale's version. The last clause may
also be rendered, 'The way of those to whom Thou hast been gracious,
against whom Thou art not incensed, and who have not erred,' as Sale
points out in his note.

11. This mad tyrant, among other horrible deeds, flayed his nephew
alive. He attempted to invade China through the Himalayas, and for
three years issued a forced currency of brass and copper, which he
vainly tried to make people take as equal in value to silver. Strange
to say, he was allowed to reign for nearly twenty-seven years, and to
die peacefully in his bed. The hunts of the 'innocent and unoffending
people' were organized rather to gain the benefit of 'sending
infidels to hell' than for 'mere amusement'. Daulatabad was the name
given by Muhammad bin Tughlak to the ancient fortress of Deogir
(Deogiri, Deoghur), situated about ten miles from Aurangabad, in what
is now the Hyderabad State.

12. In the original edition the Moghal leader's name is printed as
'Turmachurn', the Tarmasharin (with variations in spelling) of
Muhammadan authors (see E. and D.