f great prosperity succeeded. The proposed confederation of
the Windward Islands in 1876, however, provoked riots, which occasioned
considerable loss of life and property, but secured for the people their
existence as a separate colony. Hurricanes are the scourge of Barbados,
those of 1780, 1831, and 1898 being so disastrous as to necessitate relief
measures on the part of the home government.

See Ligon, _History of Barbados_ (1657); Oldmixon, _British Empire in
America_ (1741); _A Short History of Barbados_ (1768); _Remarks upon the
Short History_ (1768); Poyer, _History of Barbados_ (1808); Capt. Thom.
Southey, _Chron. Hist. of W. Indies_ (1827); Schomburgk, _History of
Barbados_ (1848); J. H. S. Moxby, _Account of a West Indian Sanatorium_
(1886); N. D. Davis, _The Cavaliers and Roundheads of Barbados_ (1887);
J. H. Stark, _History and Guide to Barbados_ (1893); R. T. Hill, _Cuba and
Porto Rico_ (1897). For geology, see A. J. Jukes-Browne and J. B. Harrison,
"The Geology of Barbados," _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London_ vol. xlvii.
(1891), pp. 197-250, vol. xlviii. (1892), pp. 170-226; J. W. Gregory,
"Contributions to the Palaeontology and Physical Geology of the West
Indies," _ibid_. vol. li. (1895), pp. 255-310; G. F. Franks and J. B.
Harrison, "The Globigerina-marls and Basal Reef-rocks of Barbados," _ibid_.
vol. liv. (1898), pp. 540-555; J. W. Spencer, "On the Geological and
Physical Development of Barbados; with Notes on Trinidad," _ibid_. vol.
lviii. (1902), pp. 354-367.

BARBARA, SAINT, a virgin martyr and saint of the Roman Catholic and
Orthodox Eastern Churches, whose festival day is December 4th. Her legend
is that she was immured in a tower [v.03 p.0382] by her father who was
opposed to her marriage; that she was converted to Christianity by a
follower of Origen, and that when her father learnt this, he beheaded her.
The place of her martyrdom is variously given as Heliopolis, as a town of
Tuscany, and as Nicomedia, Bithynia, about the year 235. St Barbara is the
patron saint of armourers and gunsmiths, and her protection is sought
specially against lightning.

BARBARIAN (Gr. [Greek: barbaros], the name among the early Greeks for all
foreigners. The word is probably onomatopoetic, designed to represent the
uncouth babbling of which languages other than their own appeared to the
Greeks to consist. Even the Romans were included in the term. The word soon
assumed an evil meaning, becoming associated with the