el his enemies from
the island till 1529. As a combatant in the forefront of the war with the
Christians he became a great hero in Islam, and dreaded by its enemies
under his name of Barbarossa. In 1534 he seized Tunis, acting as capitan
pasha for the sultan Suleiman. The emperor Charles V. intervened on behalf
of the native prince, retook the town, and destroyed great part of
Barbarossa's fleet. The corsair retaliated by leading what remained of his
navy on a plundering raid to the Balearic Islands. During the remainder of
his life--till 1547--Barbarossa, though still beylerbey of northern Africa,
was mainly engaged as capitan pasha in co-operating with the armies of the
sultan Suleiman in the east. He was absent from Algiers when it was
attacked by Charles V. in 1541. In 1543-1544 he commanded the fleet which
Suleiman sent to the coast of Provence to support Francis I. Barbarossa
would not allow the bells of the Christian churches to be rung while his
fleet was at anchor in the ports. He plundered the coast of Italy on his
way back to Constantinople. When he died in his palace at Constantinople he
was succeeded as beylerbey of Africa by his son Hassan. Hassan Barbarossa,
like his father, spent most of his life in the Levant, but was occasionally
in Africa when the influence of his family was required to suppress the
disorders of the Turkish garrisons. He left it for the last time in 1567,
and is said by Hammer-Purgstall to have been present at Lepanto in 1571.
His last years are obscure.

AUTHORITIES.--_The History of the Ottoman Empire_, by Joseph von
Hammer-Purgstall (French translation J. J. Hellert, 1835-1843), contains
accounts of the Barbarossas, but requires to be corrected by other
authorities. See _La Fondation de la regence d'Alger, histoire des
Barberousse, chronique arabe du XVI^{_eme_} siecle_ published by Sander
Rang and Ferdinand Denis, Paris, 1837--for a curious Moslem version of
their story. H. D. de Grammont has collected later evidence in his
_Histoire d'Alger_ (Paris, 1887); and he discusses the origin of the name
in a paper contributed to the _Revue Africaine_, No. 171. Their campaigns
are told in a readable way with the advantage of technical knowledge by Ad.
Jurien de la Graviere in _Les Corsaires barbaresques et la marine de
Soliman le Grand_ (1887), and _Doria et Barberousse_ (1886). _The History
of the Maritime Wars of the Turks_, by Hajji Khalifa (translated by J.
Mitchell for the Oriental Tr