abrous_, smooth; _glaucous_, covered with a whitish bloom which can
be rubbed off (Plum); _rugous_, wrinkled; _canescent_, so covered with
minute hairs as to appear silvery; _pubescent_, covered with fine, soft,
plainly seen hairs; _tomentose_, densely covered with matted hairs;
_hairy_, having longer hairs; _scabrous_, covered with stiff, scratching
points; _spiny_, having stiff, sharp spines; _glandular-hairy_, having
the hairs ending in glands (usually needing a magnifying glass to be
seen).

TEXTURE.--_Succulent_, fleshy; _scarious_, dry and chaffy; _punctate_,
having translucent glands, so that the leaf appears, when held toward
the light, as though full of holes; _membranous_, thin, soft, and rather
translucent; _thick_, _thin_, etc.

DURATION.--_Evergreen_, hanging on the tree from year to year. By
noticing the color of the different leaves and their position on the
twigs, all evergreen foliage can readily be determined at any time
during the year. _Deciduous_, falling off at the end of the season.
_Fugacious_, falling early, as the stipules of many leaves.

CHAPTER IV.

_Flowers and Fruit._

The author hopes that those who use this work in studying trees will
become so much interested in the subject of Botany as to desire more
information concerning the growth and reproduction of plants than can
here be given. In Professor Asa Gray's numerous works the additional
information desired may be obtained: "How Plants Grow" contains an
outline for the use of beginners; "The Elements of Botany" is a more
advanced work; while the "Botanical Text Book", in several volumes, will
enable the student to pursue the subject as far as he may wish. In this
small book the barest outline of the parts of flowers and fruit and of
their uses can be given.

[Illustration: Fig. 9.]

FLOWERS.--Parts. The flowers of the Cherry or Apple will show the four
kinds of organs that belong to a complete flower. Fig. 9 represents an
Apple-blossom. The _calyx_ is the outer row of leaves, more or less
united into one piece. The _corolla_ is the row of leaves within the
calyx; it is usually the brightest and most conspicuous part of the
flower. The _stamens_ [Illustration] are the next organs; they are
usually, as in this case, small two-lobed bodies on slender, thread-like
stalks. The enlarged parts contain a dust-like material called
_pollen_. The last of the four kinds of parts is found in the center of
the flower, and is ca