with simple, alternate, thick, mostly evergreen leaves.
Flowers rather inconspicuous, mostly in clusters. Fruit berry-like,
small (1/4 to 1/2 in.), with 4 to 6 nutlets; hanging on the plants late
in the autumn or through the winter.

* Leaves evergreen. (=A.=)

=A.= Leaves with spiny teeth 1.

=A.= No spiny teeth 2.

* Leaves deciduous 3.

[Illustration: I. opaca.]

1. =Ilex opaca=, Ait. (AMERICAN HOLLY.) Leaves evergreen, oval, acute,
thick, smooth, with scattered spiny teeth. Flowers white; May. The
bright-red berries, found only on some of the trees, remain on through
the greater part of the winter. Small tree, 15 to 40 ft. high, with very
hard white wood; wild in southern New England and southward. A beautiful
broad-leaved, evergreen tree which should be more extensively
cultivated. North of latitude 41 deg. it needs a protected situation.

[Illustration: I. Dahoon.]

2. =Ilex Dahoon=, Walt. (DAHOON HOLLY.) Leaves 2 to 3 in. long,
evergreen, oblanceolate or oblong, entire or sharply serrate toward the
apex, with revolute margins, not spiny. Young branches and lower
surface of the leaves, especially on the midrib, pubescent. Small tree,
10 to 30 ft. high; Virginia and south, with very hard, white,
close-grained wood. Rarely cultivated.

[Illustration: I. monticola.]

3. =Ilex monticola=, Gray. Leaves deciduous, ovate to lance-oblong, 3 to
5 in. long, taper-pointed, thin, smooth, sharply serrate. Fruit red, on
short stems, with the seeds many-ribbed on the back. Usually a shrub but
sometimes tree-like; damp woods in the Catskills and in the Alleghany
Mountains.

ORDER =XIII. CELASTRACEAE.=

Shrubs with simple leaves and small, regular flowers, forming a fruit
with ariled seeds.

GENUS =19. EUONYMUS.=

Shrubs somewhat tree-like, with 4-sided branchlets, opposite, serrate
leaves, and loose cymes of angular fruit which bursts open in the
autumn.

[Illustration: E. atropurpureus.]

1. =Euonymus atropurpureus=, Jacq. (BURNING-BUSH. WAHOO.) Leaves
petioled, oval-oblong, pointed; parts of the dark-purple flowers
commonly in fours; pods smooth, deeply lobed, when ripe, cinnamon in
color and very ornamental. Tall shrub, 6 to 20 ft. high; wild in
Wisconsin to New York, and southward; often cultivated.

[Illustration: E. Europaeus.]

2. =Euonymus Europaeus=, L