out_, from _boda_, the first outward boundary. _Among_ is
the past part. of _gamaengan_, to mingle. _Through_ or _thorough_ is
the Gothic substantive _dauro_, or the Teutonic _thuruh_. It means
passage, gate, door.

_Before_--_be-fore, be-hind, be-low, be-side, be-sides, be-neath_
are formed by combining the imperative, _be_, with the nouns _fore,
hind, low, side, neath. Neath_--Saxon _neothan, neothe_, has the
same signification as _nadir. Be-tween, be-twixt_--_be_ and _twain_.
A dual preposition. _Be-yond_--_be-passed. Beyond_ a place, means,
_be passed_ that place.
_Notwithstanding--not-stand-ing-with, not-withstanding_. "Any order
to the contrary not-withstanding," (this order;) i.e. _not_
effectually _withstanding_ or _opposing_ it.

* * * * *

LECTURE VIII.

OF PRONOUNS.

A PRONOUN is a word used instead of a noun, and generally to avoid the
too frequent repetition of the same word. A pronoun is, likewise,
sometimes a substitute for a sentence, or member of a sentence.

The word _pronoun_ comes from the two Latin words, _pro_, which means
_for_, or _instead of_, and _nomen_, a _name_, or _noun._ Hence you
perceive, that _pronoun_ means _for a noun_, or _instead of a noun_.

In the sentence, "The man is happy; _he_ is benevolent; _he_ is useful;"
you perceive, that the word _he_ is used instead of the noun _man;_
consequently _he_ must be a _pronoun_. You observe, too, that, by making
use of the pronoun _he_ in this sentence, we avoid the _repetition_ of
the _noun_ man, for without the pronoun, the sentence would be rendered
thus, "The man is happy; _the man_ is benevolent; _the man_ is useful."

By looking again at the definition, you will notice, that pronouns
always _stand for_ nouns, but they do not always _avoid the repetition_
of nouns. _Repetition_ means _repeating_ or mentioning the same thing
again. In the sentence, "I come to die for my country," the pronouns,
_I_ and _my, stand_ for the name of the person who speaks; but they do
not _avoid the repetition_ of that name, because the name or noun for
which the pronouns are used, is not mentioned at all. Pronouns of the
_third_ person, generally avoid the repetition of the nouns for which
they stand; but pronouns of the _first_ and _second_ person, sometimes
avoid the repetition of nouns, and sometimes they do not.

A little farther illustration of the pronoun will s