d limits, we find fully one half of
the cerebral surface vacant for organs of other functions. Indeed, the
first large publication of Gall and Spurzheim, in four volumes folio,
with an atlas of 100 plates, begun in 1809 and finished in 1819, did
not in the cranial map of organs profess to be a complete development
of the functions of the brain. It located organs, but did not
determine the functions intermediate between their boundaries. This
was the map of Gall. In that of Spurzheim the intermediate spaces were
occupied and the entire exterior surface of the brain devoted to
organology, yet still the basilar and interior surface of the brain
remained unknown to Spurzheim, and the exterior regions which he
supposed entirely occupied by his organs were but half occupied by
them. Thus when we consider the unexplored basilar and interior
regions, and that half of its exterior surface which was erroneously
appropriated to the thirty-five organs, as well as the erroneous
location of several, we perceive that _more than half_ of the organs
and functions of the brain remained for investigation.

Turning away from the anatomy to contemplate the psychology, we
perceive that _more than half of human nature_ had been omitted from
the German scheme,--that half of the mental functions which belongs to
the organs of the vacant spaces on the corrected map, and in addition
to these the higher psychic functions, and the lower physiological
functions, neither of which Gall and Spurzheim explored, because they
did not attempt to study the brain as a physiological organ, and they
did not bring the soul and the higher functions of the mind within the
scope of their science.

Gall was a bold, original naturalist and anatomist but not a
psychologist; and the incorrectness of his psychology hindered his
investigations, and prevented him from carrying out a proper
subdivision of faculties and organs. He says in the last volume: "Each
fundamental power, essentially distinct, includes sensation,
perception, memory and recollection, judgment and
imagination,"--disregarding the truth that these are distinct
intellectual powers, belonging to different organs, and therefore
bearing no proportion to each other. One may have an immense memory
without imagination, or a brilliant imagination without much memory.
These, and many other psychological errors, are apparent in the
writings of Gall, and still more in those of Spurzheim.

[Illustration]

In