, but, lawyer-like, he judges every constitutional issue of
the past in the light of the legal system which the law of his own day
presupposes for the date in question. No one can deny the validity of
this principle in a court of justice, but no one gifted either with
historical imagination or with historical sympathy could wish to
introduce it into a historical work. Yet the very narrowness of his
outlook made it easier for him to adopt the impartiality of a judge; his
criterion of justice is too definite to allow him to indulge in special
pleading or to twist facts to suit his theories; and the student still
turns to Hallam with a sense of security which he does not feel in
reading Macaulay or Carlyle.

[Pageheading: _FINE ART._]

The fine arts cannot be said to have flourished in England during the
period of the great war, and architecture was certainly at a low ebb,
but several eminent names belong to this period. Sir Thomas Lawrence was
by far the foremost English portrait painter, and fitly represents the
elegance of the regency, while Raeburn enjoyed an equal reputation in
Scotland. Turner, however, was painting in his earlier manner and
showing originality even in his imitations of old masters. Constable,
too, was producing some of those quiet English landscapes which, though
little appreciated at the time, have since made him famous. Two other
English landscape painters, Callcott and the elder Crome, were also in
their prime, and Wilkie executed several of his best known masterpieces
at this time. David Cox and Prout did not earn celebrity till a little
later. The Water-Colour Society was founded in 1804. Soon afterwards
Flaxman was in the zenith of his fame, being elected professor of
sculpture by the Royal Academy in 1810, and Chantrey was beginning to
desert portrait painting for statuary.

Science, especially in its practical applications, made greater strides
than art in the early years of the nineteenth century. It was now that
Jenner's memorable discovery of vaccination, dating from 1796, was
generally adopted by the medical profession. In 1802 his claim to
priority was recognised by a parliamentary committee, with the result
that L10,000 were then voted to him, and a further grant of L20,000 was
made in 1807, when vaccination was established at the Small-pox
Hospital. In 1814, George Stephenson, after many preliminary
experiments, made a successful trial of his first locomotive engine. In
1812, Bell'