ime and Punishment._ _Humbled and Insulted._
(The last two abbreviated are translated by F. Wishaw.) F. M.
Dostoevsky.

_What is to be Done? A Vital Question._ (Two translations of
the same work.) N. G. Tchernyshevsky.

FOOTNOTES:

[31] Meaning the faith of the Holy Catholic Apostolic Church of the
East. A great many Russians believe this, and that Russia's mission on
earth is a moral and spiritual one, founded upon precisely this basis.

[32] The narrator, in "Notes from a Dead House," is assumed to be a
prisoner named Alexander Petrovitch Goryantchikoff.

CHAPTER XII

SEVENTH PERIOD: DANILEVSKY, SALTYKOFF, L. N. TOLSTOY, GORKY, AND OTHERS.

Under the influence of the romantic movement in western Europe, in the
'30's of the nineteenth century, and in particular under the deep
impression made by Sir Walter Scott's novels, historical novels and
historical studies began to make their appearance in Russia, and in the
'50's underwent two periods of existence, which totally differed from
each other.

During the first period the romance-writers, including even Pushkin,
treated things from a governmental point of view, and dealt only with
such epochs, all more or less remote, as the censorship permitted. For
example, Zagoskin, the best known of the historical novelists, wrote
"Askold's Grave," from the epoch of the baptism of the Russians, in the
tenth century, and "Yury Miloslavsky," from the epoch of the Pretender,
early in the seventeenth century; while Lazhetchnikoff wrote "The
Mussulman," from the reign of Ivan III., sixteenth century, and "The
Last Court Page," from the epoch of Peter the Great's wars with Sweden.
The historical facts were alluded to in a slight, passing way, or
narrated after the fashion of Karamzin, in lofty terms, with artificial
patriotic inspiration. As the authors lacked archaeological learning, the
manners and accessories of the past were merely sketched in a general,
indefinite way, and often inaccurately, while the pages were chiefly
filled with the sentimental love-passages of two or three virtuous
heroes of stereotyped patterns, who were subjected to frightful
adventures, perished several times, and were resuscitated for the
purpose of marrying in ordinary fashion at the end.

In the '50's people became far too much interested in the present to pay
much heed to the past. Yet precisely at that time the two finest
historians came to the front, Sergyei M.