ings alive and dead. A Hottentot widow who
marries a second time must have the distal joint of her little finger
cut off; another joint is removed each time she remarries.

Among the mutilations submitted to on the death of a king or chief in
the Sandwich Islands, Cook mentions in his "Voyages" the custom of
knocking out from one to four front teeth.

Among the Australian tribes the age of virility and the transition into
manhood is celebrated by ceremonial customs, in which the novices are
subjected to minor mutilations. A sharp bone is used for lancing their
gums, while the throw-stick is used for knocking out a tooth.
Sometimes, in addition to this crude dentistry, the youth is required
to submit to cruel gashes cut upon his back and shoulders, and should
he flinch or utter any cry of pain he is always thereafter classed with
women. Haygarth writes of a semi-domesticated Australian who said one
day, with a look of importance, that he must go away for a few days, as
he had grown to man's estate, and it was high time he had his teeth
knocked out. It is an obligatory rite among various African tribes to
lose two or more of their front teeth. A tradition among certain
Peruvians was that the Conqueror Huayna Coapae made a law that they and
their descendants should have three front teeth pulled out in each jaw.
Cieza speaks of another tradition requiring the extraction of the teeth
of children by their fathers as a very acceptable service to their
gods. The Damaras knock out a wedge-shaped gap between two of their
front teeth; and the natives of Sierra Leone file or chip their teeth
after the same fashion.

Depilatory customs are very ancient, and although minor in extent are
still to be considered under the heading of mutilations. The giving of
hair to the dead as a custom, has been perpetuated through many tribes
and nations. In Euripides we find Electra admonishing Helen for sparing
her locks, and thereby defrauding the dead. Alexander the Great shaved
his locks in mourning for his friend, Hephaestion, and it was supposed
that his death was hastened by the sun's heat on his bare head after
his hat blew off at Babylon. Both the Dakota Indians and the Caribs
maintain the custom of sacrificing hair to the dead. In Peru the custom
was varied by pulling out eyelashes and eyebrows and presenting them to
the sun, the hills, etc. It is said this custom is still in
continuance. When Clovis was visited by the Bishop of Toulous