shed by several blue lines running from the lower lip to the
chin; and he remarks that when a young woman of this tribe is anxious
to become a mother she tattoos the figure of a child on her forehead.
After they marry Mojave girls tattoo the chin with vertical blue lines;
and when an Eskimo wife has her face tattooed with lamp-black she is
regarded as a matron in society. The Polynesians have carried this
dermal art to an extent which is unequaled by any other people, and it
is universally practiced among them. Quoted by Burke, Sullivan states
that the custom of tattooing continued in England and Ireland down to
the seventh century. This was the tattooing with the woad. Fletcher
remarks that at one time, about the famous shrine of Our Lady of
Loretto, were seen professional tattooers, who for a small sum of money
would produce a design commemorative of the pilgrim's visit to the
shrine. A like profitable industry is pursued in Jerusalem.

Universal tattooing in some of the Eastern countries is used as a means
of criminal punishment, the survival of the persecuted individual being
immaterial to the torturers, as he would be branded for life and
ostracized if he recovered. Illustrative of this O'Connell tells of a
case in Hebra's clinic. The patient, a man five feet nine inches in
height, was completely tattooed from head to foot with all sorts of
devices, such as elephants, birds, lions, etc., and across his
forehead, dragons. Not a square of even a quarter inch had been exempt
from the process. According to his tale this man had been a leader of a
band of Greek robbers, organized to invade Chinese Tartary, and,
together with an American and a Spaniard, was ordered by the ruler of
the invaded province to be branded in this manner as a criminal. It
took three months' continuous work to carry out this sentence, during
which his comrades succumbed to the terrible agonies. During the
entire day for this extended period indigo was pricked in this
unfortunate man's skin. Accounts such as this have been appropriated by
exhibitionists, who have caused themselves to be tattooed merely for
mercenary purposes. The accompanying illustration represents the
appearance of a "tattooed man" who exhibited himself. He claimed that
his tattooing was done by electricity. The design showing on his back
is a copy of a picture of the Virgin Mary surrounded by 31 angels.

The custom of tattooing the arms, chest, or back is quite prevalent,
an