the mammae, and nipples. The
first ablation is obtained by applying fire or caustics to the nipples,
the second by amputation of the breasts, one or both, the third by
diverse gashes, chiefly across the breast, and the fourth by resection
of the nymphae or of the nymphae and clitoris, and the superior major
labia, the cicatrices of which would deform the vulva. Figure 232
represents the appearance of the external genital organs of a male
Skoptzy after mutilation; Figure 233 those of a female.

Battey speaks of Skoptzies in Roumania who numbered at the time of
report 533 persons. They came from Russia and practiced the same
ceremonies as the heretics there.

CHAPTER XV.

ANOMALOUS TYPES AND INSTANCES OF DISEASE.

Tumors.--In discussing tumors and similar growths no attempt will be
made to describe in detail the various types. Only the anomalous
instances or examples, curious for their size and extent of
involvement, will be mentioned. It would be a difficult matter to
decide which was the largest tumor ever reported. In reviewing
literature so many enormous growths are recorded that but few can be
given here. Some of the large cystic formations have already been
mentioned; these are among the largest tumors. Scrotal tumors are
recorded that weighed over 200 pounds; and a limb affected with
elephantiasis may attain an astonishing size. Delamater is accredited
with a report of a tumor that weighed 275 pounds, the patient only
weighing 100 pounds at death. Benign tumors will be considered first.

Pure adenoma of the breast is a rare growth. Gross was able to collect
but 18 examples; but closely allied to this condition is what is known
as diffuse hypertrophy of the breast. In some parts of the world,
particularly in India and Africa, long, dependent breasts are signs of
beauty. On the other hand we learn from Juvenal and Martial that, like
ourselves, the Greeks detested pendant and bulky breasts, the signs of
beauty being elevation, smallness, and regularity of contour. In the
Grecian images of Venus the breasts are never pictured as engorged or
enlarged. The celebrated traveler Chardin says that the Circassian and
Georgian women have the most beautiful breasts in the world; in fact
the Georgians are so jealous of the regular contour and wide interval
of separation of their breasts that they refuse to nourish their
children in the natural manner.

The amount of hypertrophy which is sometimes seen in the mammae