ommon veins bled--cephalic, basilic, and median--are
illustrated. Fig. 2 shows several types of incisions. Fig. 3 is a fleam,
Fig. 4 a spring lancet, and Fig. 5 a "French lancet." (From Laurence
Heister, _A General System of Surgery_, London, 1759. Photo courtesy of
NLM.)]

[Illustration: FIGURE 32.--Replica of a barber-surgeon's signboard dated
1623. Top left corner shows a phlebotomy being performed. (NMHT 215690
[M-7343]; SI photo 44681.)]

[Illustration: FIGURE 33.--Instruments for bleeding from the arm, 1708: A,
a serviette to cover the patient's clothing; B, a cloth ligature to place
around the arm; C, a lancet case; D, a lancet; E and F, candles to give
light for the operation; G, a baton or staff for the patient to hold; H,
I, and K, basins for collecting blood; L and M, compresses; N, a bandage
to be placed over the compress; P, _eau de la Reine d'Hongrie_ that can be
used instead of vinegar to revive the patient if he faints; Q, a glass of
urine and water for the patient to drink when he revives; R, S, T,
implements for washing the hands and the lancets after the operation.
(From Pierre Dionis, _Cours d'operations de chirurgie demontrees au Jardin
Royal_, Paris, 1708. Photo courtesy of NLM.)]

[Illustration: FIGURE 34.--Two 18th century trade cards advertising
lancets. (Photo courtesy of Wellcome Institute, London.)]

[Illustration: FIGURE 35.--Lithograph, London, 1804, showing a phlebotomy.
(On loan from Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; SI photo 42579.)]

[Illustration: FIGURE 36.--18th-century cutler's illustrations for making
lancets. Note the variations in the shape of the lancet blades. (From Jean
Jacques Perret, _L'Art du Coutelier_, Paris, 1772. Photo courtesy of
NLM.)]

[Illustration: FIGURE 37.--Thumb lancet, 16th century. (From Leonardo
Botallo, _De Curatione per Sanguinis Missionem_, Antwerp, 1583. Photo
courtesy of NLM.)]

[Illustration: FIGURE 38.--Typical 19th-century thumb lancets, engraved
"S. Maw, London." (NMHT 139980 [M-4151]; SI photo 73-4230.)]

[Illustration: FIGURE 39.--Typical 19th-century brass spring lancet and
case. The case is stamped "Traunichtessticht," which translates, "Watch
out, it stabs." (NMHT 308730.10; SI photo 74-4088.)]

[Illustration: FIGURE 40.--Spring lancets, dated 1775. (Held by Rhode
Island Medical Society; SI photo 73-5762.)]

[Illustration: FIGURE 41.--Fleam, 16th century. (From Leonardo Botallo,
_De Curatione per Sanguinis Missionem_, Antwerp, 158