fications; D, horns with holes at the tip for mouth suction;
E, balls of wax to close the holes in the horn cups; F, G, glass cups; H,
candle to light the tow or the small candles; I, tow; K, small candles on
a card which is placed over the scarifications and lit in order to exhaust
the cup; L, lancet for making scarifications; M, scarifications; N,
plaster to place on the wound. (From Pierre Dionis, _Cours d'operations de
chirurgie demontrees au Jardin Royal_, Paris, 1708. Photo courtesy of
NLM.)]

[Illustration: FIGURE 57.--Teapot lamp, 18th century. (NMHT 199536
[M-6691]; SI photo 73-4218.)]

[Illustration: FIGURE 58.--13th-century Arabic cupping scene. (From a
manuscript held by the Freer Gallery. SI photo 43757-J.)]

[Illustration: FIGURE 59.--Pare's scarificator, 16th century. (From _The
Workes of that Famous Chirurgeon, Ambrose Parey_, translated by Thomas
Johnson, London, 1649. Photo courtesy of NLM.)]

[Illustration: FIGURE 60.--Square scarificator, engraved "J.T./Wien," late
18th-early 19th century. Vienna was an early center for the making of
scarificators. (NMHT 218383 [M-9257]; SI photo 73-4212.)]

[Illustration: FIGURE 61.--An early illustration of the scarificator. Also
pictured are a fleam for making scarifications, the pattern of
scarifications, a metal cup, and a leech. (From Laurence Heister, _A
General System of Surgery_, 7th edition, London, 1759. SI photo 73-4182.)]

[Illustration: FIGURE 62.--Square scarificator taken apart. (NMHT 152130
[M-4771]; SI photo 76-9113.)]

[Illustration: FIGURE 63.--Cupping and bleeding instruments, 1780.
Illustrated are spring lancets, thumb lancets, cups, a square scarificator
with pointed blades, and a lamp in which animal fat was burned. Figs. 16,
17, and 18 are unrelated to bloodletting. (From J. A. Brambilla,
_Instrumentarium Chirurgicum Viennense_, Vienna, 1780. Photo courtesy of
NLM.)]

[Illustration: FIGURE 64.--Set of scarificator blades. Each row of
blades may be inserted in place of those in need of cleaning or repair.
(From the original in the Wellcome Museum by courtesy of the Trustees.
Photo L. 2418.)]

[Illustration: FIGURE 65.--An early illustration of the octagonal
scarificator, 1801. This plate also includes one of the earliest
illustrations of the syringe applied to cupping cups. (From Benjamin Bell,
_A System of Surgery_, 7th edition, volume 3, Edinburgh, 1801. SI photo
73-5181.)]

[Illustration: FIGURE 66.--An unusual octagonal scarifi