OURY, "Saignees, ventouses et cauterisations dans le
medecine orientale a l'epoque de la Renaissance," _Histoire de la
medecine_, volume 11 (November-December 1961), pages 9-23.

[93] W. A. GILLESPIE, "Remarks on the Operation of Cupping, and the
Instruments Best Adapted to Country Practice," _Boston Medical and
Surgical Journal_, volume 10 (1834), page 28.

[94] Letter from Rev. Robert Richards to Dr. Sami Hamarneh, 1 September
1966 (Division of Medical Sciences, Museum of History and Technology).

[95] On ancient cups, see CELSUS, op. cit. [note 6], pages 165-167; MILNE,
op. cit. [note 43], pages 101-105 and plates; and BROCKBANK, op. cit.
[note 88], pages 65-72. The Institute of the History of Medicine, Johns
Hopkins University, has several metal cups dating from about A.D. 100.

[96] CASTIGLIONI, op. cit. [note 40], page 380.

[97] PIERRE DIONIS, _Cours d'operations de chirurgie demonstrees au Jardin
Royal_ (Paris, 1708), page 584.

[98] RENE JACQUES CROISSANTE DE GARENGEOT, _Nouveau Traite des Instrumens
de Chirurgie les plus utiles_ (The Hague, 1725), page 342.

[99] DIONIS, op. cit. [note 97], page 585.

[100] MAPLESON, op. cit. [note 90], pages 27-28. See also GEORGE FREDERICK
KNOX, op. cit. [note 2], page 29.

[101] MAPLESON, op. cit. [note 90]; BAYFIELD, op. cit. [note 87]; KNOX,
op. cit. [note 2]; and MONSON HILLS, "A Short Treatise on the Operation of
Cupping," _Boston Medical and Surgical Journal_, volume 9 (1834), pages
261-273.

[102] KNOX, op. cit. [note 2], page vi.

[103] BAYFIELD, op. cit. [note 87], page 125.

[104] DIONIS, op. cit. [note 97], page 587 and figure 57 on page 583.

[105] KNOX, op. cit. [note 2], page 33.

[106] JOHN H. SAVIGNY, _A Collection of Engravings representing the Most
Modern and Approved Instruments Used in the Practice of Surgery_ (London,
1798), plate 7. For the earlier grease lamp, see J. A. BRAMBILLA,
_Instrumentarium Chirurgicum Viennense oder Wiennerliche Chirurgische
Instrumenten Sammlung_ (Vienna, 1780), plate 2.

[107] BAYFIELD, op. cit. [note 87], page 123; KNOX, op. cit. [note 2],
page 33; HILLS, op. cit. [note 101], page 263.

[108] See DIONIS, op. cit. [note 97], page 587 and figure 58 on page 583;
and LAURENCE HEISTER, op. cit. [note 47], page 329 and plate 12. The
parallel incisions were described in antiquity by Oribasius (ca. A.D.
360), the most important medical author after Galen and the friend of the
emperor Julian. See GURLT, op. cit. [no