treated it with studied contempt, and Cicero writes that his own name had
been set down as the proposer of decrees of which he knew nothing,
conferring the title of king on potentates of whom he had never heard. A
similar treatment was meted out to the ancient magistracies of the
republic; and thus began the process by which the emperors undermined the
self-respect of their subjects and eventually came to rule over a nation of
slaves. Few men, indeed, have partaken as freely of the inspiration of
genius as Julius Caesar; few have suffered more disastrously from its
illusions. See further ROME: _History_, ii. "The Republic," Period C _ad
fin._

AUTHORITIES.--The principal ancient authorities for the life of Caesar are
his own _Commentaries_, the biographies of Plutarch and Suetonius, letters
and speeches of Cicero, the _Catiline_ of Sallust, the _Pharsalia_ of
Lucan, and the histories of Appian, Dio Cassius and Velleius Paterculus
(that of Livy exists only in the _Epitome_). Amongst modern works may be
named the exhaustive repertory of fact contained in Drumann, _Geschichte
Roms_, vol. iii. (new ed. by Groebe, 1906, pp. 125-829), and the brilliant
but partial panegyric of Th. Mommsen in his _History of Rome_ (Eng. trans.,
vol. iv., esp. p. 450 ff.). J.A. Froude's _Caesar; a Sketch_ (2nd ed.,
1896) is equally biased and much less critical. W. Warde Fowler's _Julius
Caesar_ (1892) gives a favourable account (see also his _Social Life at
Rome_, 1909). On the other side see especially A. Holm, _History of Greece_
(Eng. trans., vol. iv. p. 582 ff.), J.L. Strachan Davidson, _Cicero_
(1894), p. 345 ff., and the introductory Lections in Prof. Tyrrell's
edition of the _Correspondence of Cicero_, particularly "Cicero's case
against Caesar," vol. v. p. 13 ff. Vol. ii. of G. Ferrero's _Greatness and
Decline of Rome_ (Eng. trans., 1907) is largely devoted to Caesar, but must
be used with caution. The Gallic campaigns have been treated by Napoleon
III., _Histoire de Jules Cesar_ (1865-1866), which is valuable as giving
the result of excavations, and in English by T. Rice Holmes, _Caesar's
Conquest of Gaul_ (1901), in which references to earlier literature will be
found. A later account is that of G. Veith, _Geschichte der Feldzuege C.
Julius Caesars_ (1906). For maps see A. von Kampen. For the Civil War see
Colonel Stoffel (the collaborator of Napoleon III.), _Histoire de Jules
Cesar: guerre civile_ (1887). There is an interesting art