er
theophyllin or by boiling heteroxanthine with methyl iodide and potash. E.
Fischer and L. Ach (_Berichte_, 1895, 28, p. 3135) have synthesized it from
dimethyl alloxan, whilst W. Traube (_Berichte_, 1900, 33, p. 3435) has
obtained it from 1.3 diamethyl 4.5 diamino 2.6 dioxypyrimidine. On the
constitution of caffeine see PURIN and also E. Fischer (_Annalen_, 1882,
215, p. 253).

Caffeine crystallizes in long silky needles, which are slightly soluble in
cold water. It becomes anhydrous at 100 deg.C. and melts at 234 deg. to 235 deg.C. It
has a faint bitter taste and gives salts with mineral acids. On oxidation
with nitric acid caffeine gives cholesterophane (dimethyl parabanic acid),
but if chlorine water be used as the oxidant, then it yields monomethyl
urea and dimethyl alloxan (E. Fischer).

CAFFIERI, JACQUES (1678-1755), French worker in metal, the most famous
member of a family several of whom distinguished themselves in plastic art,
was the fifth son of Philippe Caffieri (1634-1716), a decorative sculptor,
who, after serving Pope Alexander VII., entered the service of Louis XIV.
in 1660. An elder son of Philippe, Francois Charles (1667-1721), was
associated with him. As a _fondeur ciseleur_, however, the renown of the
house centred in Jacques, though it is not always easy to distinguish
between his own work and that of his son Philippe (1714-1777). A large
proportion of his brilliant achievement as a designer and chaser in bronze
and other metals was executed for the crown at Versailles, Fontainebleau,
Compiegne, Choisy and La Muette, and the crown, ever in his debt, still
owed him money at his death. Jacques and his son Philippe undoubtedly
worked together in the "Appartement du Dauphin" at Versailles, and although
much of their contribution to the palace has disappeared, the decorations
of the marble chimney-piece still remain. They belong to the best type of
the Louis XV. style--vigorous and graceful in design, they are executed
with splendid skill. It is equally certain that father and son worked
together upon the gorgeous bronze case of the famous astronomical clock
made by Passement and Danthiau for Louis XV. between 1749 and 1753. The
form of the case has been much criticized, and even ridiculed, but the
severest critics in that particular have been the readiest to laud the
boldness and freedom of the motives, the jewel-like finish of the
craftsmanship, the magnificent dexterity of the master-hand. The eld