sti Oxonienses_,
ed. Bliss; Foss, _Lives of the Judges_.

CAESAREA MAZACA (mod. _Kaisarieh_), chief town of a sanjak in the Angora
vilayet of Asia Minor. Mazaca, the residence of the kings of Cappadocia,
later called _Eusebea_ (perhaps after Ariarathes Eusebes), and named
_Caesarea_ probably by Claudius, stood on a low spur on the north side of
Erjies Dagh (_M. Argaeus_). The site, now called _Eski-shehr_, shows only a
few traces of the old town. It was taken by Tigranes and destroyed by the
Persian king Shapur (Sapor) I. after his defeat of Valerian in A.D. 260. At
this time it is stated to have contained 400,000 inhabitants. In the 4th
century Basil, when bishop, established an ecclesiastical centre on the
plain, about 1 m. to the north-east, and this gradually supplanted the old
town. A portion of Basil's new city was surrounded with strong walls and
turned into a fortress by Justinian; and within the walls, rebuilt in the
13th and 16th centuries, lies the greater part of Kaisarieh, altitude 3500
ft. The town was captured by the Seljuk sultan, Alp Arslan, 1064, and by
the Mongols, 1243, before passing to the Osmanli Turks. Its geographical
situation has made it a place of commercial importance throughout history.
It lay on the ancient trade route from Sinope to the Euphrates, on the
Persian "Royal Road" from Sardis to Susa, and on the great Roman highway
from Ephesus to the East. It is still the most important trade centre in
eastern Asia Minor. The town is noted for its fruit, especially its vines;
and it exports tissues, carpets, hides, yellow berries and dried fruit.
Kaisarieh is the headquarters of the American mission in Cappadocia, which
has several churches and schools for boys and girls and does splendid
medical work. It is the seat of a Greek bishop, an Armenian archbishop and
a Roman Catholic bishop, and there is a Jesuit school. On the 30th of
November 1895 there was a massacre of Armenians, in which several Gregorian
priests and Protestant pastors lost their lives. Pop., according to Cuinet,
71,000 (of whom 26,000 are Christians). Sir C. Wilson gave it as 50,000
(23,000 Christians).

(C. W. W.; J. G. C. A.)

CAESAREAN SECTION, in obstetrics (_q.v._) the operation for removal of a
foetus from the uterus by an abdominal incision, so called from a legend of
its employment at the birth of Julius Caesar. This procedure has been
practised on the dead mother since very early times; in fact it was
prescribed by