11,298). These are all
described in separate articles. Grazalema (5587), Jimena de la Frontera
(7549), and San Roque (8569) are less important towns with some trade in
leather, cork, wine and farm produce. They all contain many Moorish
antiquities, and Grazalema probably represents the Roman _Lacidulermium_.
(See also ANDALUSIA.)

CADIZ (in Lat. _Gades_, and formerly called _Cales_ by the English), the
capital and principal seaport of the Spanish province of Cadiz; on the Bay
of Cadiz, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, in 36 deg. 27' N. and 6 deg. 12' W., 94
m. by rail S. of Seville. Pop. (1900) 69,382. Cadiz is built on the
extremity of a tongue of land, projecting about 5 m. into the sea, in a
north-westerly direction from the Isla de Leon. Its noble bay, more than 30
m. in circuit, and almost entirely land-locked by the isthmus and the
headlands which lie to the north-east, has principally contributed to its
commercial importance. The outer bay stretches from the promontory and town
of Rota to the mouth of the river Guadalete; the inner bay, protected by
the forts of Matagorda and Puntales, affords generally good anchorage, and
contains a harbour formed by a projecting mole, where vessels of small
burden may discharge. The entrance to the bays is rendered somewhat
dangerous by the low shelving rocks (Cochinos and Las Puercas) which
encumber the passage, and by the shifting banks of mud deposited by the
Guadalete and the Rio Santi Petri, a broad channel separating the Isla de
Leon from the mainland. At the mouth of this channel is the village of
Caracca; close beside it is the important naval arsenal of San Fernando
(_q.v._); and on the isthmus are the defensive works known as the
Cortadura, or Fort San Fernando, and the well-frequented sea-bathing
establishments.

From its almost insular position Cadiz enjoys a mild and serene climate.
The _Medina_, or land-wind, so-called because it blows from the direction
of Medina Sidonia, prevails during the winter; the moisture-laden
_Virazon_, a westerly sea-breeze, sets in with the spring. The mean annual
temperature is about 64 deg. F., while the mean summer and winter temperatures
vary only about 10 deg. above and below this point; but the damp atmosphere is
very oppressive in summer, and its unhealthiness is enhanced by the
inadequate drainage and the masses of rotting seaweed piled along the
shore. The high death-rate, nearly 45 per thousand, is also due to the bad
water-s