invaders due to the bravery of the young Major Peirson, who fell when
the French were on the point of surrender. During the revolutionary
period in France the islands were the home of many refugees. In the 18th
century various attempts were made to introduce the English custom-house
system; but proved practically a failure, and the islands throve on
smuggling and privateering down to 1800.

AUTHORITIES.--Heylin, _Relation of two Journeys_ (1656); P. Falle,
_Account of the Island of Jersey_ (1694; notes, &c., by E. Durell,
Jersey, 1837); J. Duncan, _History of Guernsey_ (London, 1841); P. le
Geyt, _Sur les constitutions, les lois et les usages de cette ile_
[Jersey], ed. R.P. Marett (Jersey, 1846-1847); F.B. Tupper,
_Chronicles of Castle Cornet, Guernsey_ (2nd ed. London, 1851), and
_History of Guernsey and its Bailiwick_ (Guernsey, 1854); S.E.
Hoskins, _Charles II. in the Channel Islands_ (London, 1854), and
other works; Delacroix, _Jersey, ses antiquites, &c._ (Jersey, 1859);
T. le Cerf, _L'archipel des Iles Normandes_ (Paris, 1863); G. Dupont,
_Le Cotentin et ses iles_ (Caen, 1870-1885); J.P.E. Havet, _Les Cours
royales des Iles Normandes_ (Paris, 1878); E. Pegot-Ogier, _Histoire
des Iles de la Manche_ (Paris, 1881); C. Noury, _Geologie de Jersey_
(Paris and Jersey, 1886); D.T. Ansted and R.G. Latham, _Channel
Islands_ (1865; 3rd ed., rev. by E.T. Nicolle, London, 1893), the
principal general work of reference; Sir E. MacCulloch, _Guernsey
Folklore_, ed. Edith F. Carey (London, 1903); E.F. Carey, _Channel
Islands_ (London, 1904).

FOOTNOTE:

[1] A tod generally equalled 28 lb.

CHANNING, WILLIAM ELLERY (1780-1842), American divine and
philanthropist, was born in Newport, Rhode Island, on the 7th of April
1780. His maternal grandfather was William Ellery, a signer of the
Declaration of Independence; his mother, Lucy Ellery, was a remarkable
woman; and his father, William Channing, was a prominent lawyer in
Newport. Channing had as a child a refined delicacy of feature and
temperament, and seemed to have inherited from his father simple and
elegant tastes, sweetness of temper, and warmth of affection, and from
his mother that strong moral discernment and straightforward rectitude
of purpose and action which formed so striking a feature of his
character. From his earliest years he delighted in the beauty of the
scenery of Newport, and always highly estimated its influen