rally chosen from among bishops and other high dignitaries. The
arch-chaplain not only received jurisdiction within the royal household,
but represented the authority of the monarch in religious matters, and
also acquired more general powers. In France the arch-chaplain was
grand-almoner, and both in France and in the Holy Roman Empire was also
high chancellor of the realm. The office was abolished in France at the
Revolution in 1789, revived by Pius IX. in 1857, and again abolished on
the fall of the Second Empire.

The Roman Catholic Church also recognizes a class of beneficed
chaplains, supported out of "pious foundations" for the specific duty of
saying, or arranging for, certain masses, or taking part in certain
services. These chaplains are classified as follows:--_Ecclesiastical_,
if the foundation has been recognized officially as a benefice; _Lay_,
if this recognition has not been obtained; _Mercenary_, if the person
who has been entrusted with the duty of performing or procuring the
desired celebration is a layman (such persons also are sometimes called
"Lay Chaplains"); _Collative_, if it is provided that a bishop shall
collate or confer the right to act upon the accepted candidate, who
otherwise could not be recognized as an ecclesiastical chaplain. There
are elaborate regulations governing the appointment and conduct of these
chaplains.

Other classes of chaplains are:--(1) _Parochial_ or _Auxiliary
Chaplains_, appointed either by a parish priest (under a provision
authorized by the Council of Trent) or by a bishop to take over certain
specified duties which he is unable to perform; (2) _Chaplains of
Convents_, appointed by a bishop: these must be men of mature age,
should not be regulars unless secular priests cannot be obtained, and
are not generally to be appointed for life; (3) _Pontifical Chaplains_,
some of whom (known as Private Chaplains) assist the pontiff in the
celebration of Mass; others attached directly to the pope are honorary
private chaplains who occasionally assist the private chaplains, private
clerics of the chapel, common chaplains and supernumerary chaplains. The
common chaplains were instituted by Alexander VII., and in 1907 were
definitely allowed the title "Monsignore" by Pius X.

CHAPLIN, HENRY (1841- ), English statesman, second son of the Rev.
Henry Chaplin, of Blankney, Lincolnshire, was educated at Harrow and
Christ Church, Oxford, and first entered parliament in 1868