Honour, and was elected to the National Assembly. At the outbreak of the
Commune, Chanzy, then at Paris, fell into the hands of the insurgents,
by whom he was forced to give his parole not to serve against them. It
was said that he would otherwise have been appointed instead of MacMahon
to command the army of Versailles. A ransom of L40,000 was also paid by
the government for him. In 1872 he became a member of the committee of
defence and commander of the VII. army corps, and in 1873 was appointed
governor of Algeria, where he remained for six years. In 1875 he was
elected a life senator, in 1878 received the grand cross of the Legion
of Honour, and in 1879, without his consent, was nominated for the
presidency of the republic, receiving a third of the total votes. For
two years he was ambassador at St Petersburg, during which time he
received many tokens of respect, not only from the Russians, but also
from the German emperor, William I., and Prince Bismarck. He died
suddenly, while commanding the VI. army corps (stationed nearest to the
German frontier), at Chalons-sur-Marne, on the 4th of January 1883, only
a few days after Gambetta, and his remains received a state funeral. He
was the author of _La Deuxieme Armee de la Loire_ (1872). Statues of
General Chanzy have been erected at Nouart and Le Mans.

CHAOS, in the Hesiodic theogony, the infinite empty space, which existed
before all things (_Theog._ 116, 123). It is not, however, a mere
abstraction, being filled with clouds and darkness; from it proceed
Erebus and Nyx (Night), whose children are Aether (upper air) and Hemera
(Day). In the Orphic cosmogony the origin of all goes back to Chronos,
the personification of time, who produces Aether and Chaos. In the
Aristophanic parody (_Birds_, 691) the winged Eros in conjunction with
gloomy Chaos brings forth the race of birds. The later Roman conception
(Ovid, _Metam._ i. 7) makes Chaos the original undigested, amorphous
mass, into which the architect of the world introduces order and
harmony, and from which individual forms are created. In the created
world (cosmos, order of the universe) the word has various
meanings:--the universe; the space between heaven and earth; the
under-world and its ruler. Metaphorically it is used for the
immeasurable darkness, eternity, and the infinite generally. In modern
usage "chaos" denotes a state of disorder and confusion.

CHAPBOOK (from the O. Eng. _chap_, to buy and s