g companies, in bakeries, and in the making of
sacks. Inquiry into the wage conditions of sixty-six of these workers
showed that four were earning less than $12 per week, twenty-two from
$12 to $14.99 per week; twenty-seven were receiving $15 per week, and
five between $15 and $20 per week. Of the remaining number three were
ill and five were unemployed.[130]

Shortly after the Negro migration had begun, The Associated Colored
Employees of America, with headquarters in New York City, came into
existence for the purpose of helping Negro misfits in Northern
industries, and also to secure a proper distribution of Negro labor
both in the South and in the North. This organization discovered that
2,083 Negro men and women in New York City were engaged in twelve
different occupations, but that only one was employed at his calling.
The rest of them were rendering menial service as porters, elevator
operators, chauffeurs, waiters, common laborers, and so on. The
females were employed as chambermaids, waitresses, and as workers in
other unskilled occupations. Many of these workers were graduates of
Hampton, Tuskegee and other industrial schools of the South, and most
of them had been attracted to the North by promises of better wages,
better schools and better living conditions than could be obtained in
the South. Although no statement was made regarding the wages they
were receiving, it is at once obvious that by being in these unskilled
positions these migrants were not earning what they would have earned
had they been employed at jobs of the higher type.[131]

Because of the varied and extensive industrial activities and the
great demands for labor, many migrants were attracted to the State of
New Jersey, and especially to the city of Newark. It is estimated that
6,000 male and 1,000 female workers were employed in the several
industries of this city.[132] The male laborers were largely engaged
in the ammunition plants where they received an average wage of $2.60
per day.[133] They were also employed to a great extent in the
unskilled work in chemical plants, transportation, trucking, shipyard
work, leather factories, iron molding, foundries, construction and
team driving.[134] The females found employment in toy factories,
shirt factories, clothing factories, and glue factories at an average
wage of about $8 per week. In the shell-loading plants and piecework
occupations, however, their wages were much higher. Besides, work