ranges,
lavatories, baths, and toilets were either altogether absent or
inadequate. In a majority of these houses no heat facilities were
supplied, and the consequence was that whole families were accustomed
to crowd around a small kerosene stove in stuffy rooms with no
ventilation, where all the housekeeping was done, and where frequently
the whole family slept together to keep warm. Furthermore, a study of
fifty-three families, consisting of three hundred persons--one hundred
and sixty-six of whom were adults, and one hundred and thirty-four
children--showed that all were crowded into unsanitary, dark quarters
averaging 4-2/7 persons per room. These families paid a total rent of
$415.50, an average of $7.86 per family for these very poor quarters
in the worst sections of the city.[145]

As to housing conditions in Pittsburgh, it is reported that of four
hundred and sixty-five migrants interviewed, 35 per cent lived in
tenement houses, 50 per cent in rooming houses, about 12 per cent in
camps and churches, and only 2.5 per cent in what may be called single
private family residences.[146] It was further shown that of 157
families investigated to ascertain the number of rooms per family, 77,
or 49 per cent, lived in one room each, 33, or 21 per cent, lived in
two-room apartments and only 47 families, or 30 per cent, lived in
apartments of three or more rooms each.[147] It was discovered,
moreover, that sleeping quarters were not only in bed-rooms, but also
in attics, basements, dining-rooms, and kitchens. In many cases the
houses in which rooms were located were dilapidated dwellings with the
paper torn off, the plaster sagging from the naked lath, windows
broken, ceiling low and damp, and the whole room dark, stuffy and
unsanitary. In a great number of cases, also, the houses had very poor
water facilities and filthy toilet conditions, because of the total
absence of sewerage connections. In spite of these conditions,
however, rent charges for these quarters were comparatively high.[148]
"As to housing conditions among the single men in this city, it was
discovered that only 22 out of more than three hundred of them had
individual bed-rooms. Twenty-five per cent of these lived four in a
room, and twenty-five per cent lived in rooms used by more than four
people. Thirty-seven per cent of them, moreover, slept in separate
beds, 50 per cent slept two in a bed, and 13 per cent slept three or
more in a bed."[149]

Still