a seventh of the adult male population in each
village to be made liable for service in mines or factories, fixed the
distance they could be taken from their homes, and made rules for their
proper treatment. It is true that the _mita_, as it was called, was
afterwards an instrument of cruel oppression, that rules were
disregarded, and that it depopulated the country. But this was not the
fault of Toledo.

The Viceroy gave much attention to the mining industry, promoted the
introduction of the use of mercury in the extraction of silver, and
founded the town of Huancavelica near the quick-silver mine. His
personality pervaded every department of the state, and his _tasas_ or
ordinances fill a large volume. He was a prolific legislator and a great
statesman.

His worst mistake was the policy he adopted with regard to the family of
the Incas. He desired to establish the position of the King of Spain
without a rival. He, therefore, sought to malign the preceding dynasty,
persecuted the descendants of the Incas, and committed one act of cruel
injustice.

When Atahualpa put his half-brother Huascar, the last reigning Inca, to
death, there remained three surviving sons of their father the great
Inca Huayna Ccapac, named Manco, Paullu, and Titu Atauchi, and several
daughters. After his occupation of Cuzco, Pizarro acknowledged Manco
Inca as the legitimate successor of his brother Huascar, and he was
publicly crowned, receiving all the insignia on March 24th, 1534. He
escaped from the Spaniards and besieged them in Cuzco at the head of a
large army. Forced to raise the siege he established his head-quarters
at Ollantay-tampu, where he repulsed an attack led by Hernando Pizarro.
He was, however, defeated by Orgoniez, the lieutenant of Almagro, and
took refuge in the mountainous province of Vilcapampa on the left bank
of the Vilcamayu. From thence he made constant attacks on the Spaniards,
maintaining his independence in this small remnant of his dominions.
Some of the partisans of Almagro took refuge with him, and he was
accidentally killed by one of them in 1544, after a not inglorious reign
of ten years.

He left two legitimate sons, named Sayri Tupac and Tupac Amaru, by his
wife and niece the Princess Ataria Cusi Huarcay, daughter of his
ill-fated brother Huascar. This marriage was legalized by a bull of Pope
Paul III in the time of the Viceroy Marquis of Canete, 1555--1561. He
had also an illegitimate son named Cusi Titu