ok the father's surname, others that of the
mother. The Viceroy had the name of his father, Francisco Alvarez de
Toledo, the third Count of Oropesa, while his brother Juan had the
surname of Figueroa, being that of his mother.]

Toledo was endowed with indefatigable zeal for the public service, great
energy, and extraordinary powers of application. He took the opinions of
others, weighed them carefully, and considered long before he adopted
any course. But he was narrow-minded and obstinate, and when he had once
determined on a measure nothing could alter him. His ability is
undoubted, and his appointment, at this particular juncture, is a proof
of Philip's sagacity.

The Viceroy's intercourse with Polo de Ondegardo informed him respecting
the administrative system of the Incas, so admirably adapted to the
genius of the people, and he had the wisdom to see that there was much
to learn from it. His policy was to collect the people, who, to a great
extent, were scattered over the country and hiding from the Spaniards,
in villages placed near the centres of their cultivated or pasture
lands. He fixed the numbers in each village at 400 to 500, with a priest
and Alcalde. He also ordered the boundaries of all the parishes to be
settled. Spanish Corregidors were to take the places of the _Tucuyricoc_
or governors of Inca times, and each village had an elected Alcalde
approved by the Corregidor. Under him there were to be two overseers, a
_Pichca pachaca_ over 500, and a _Pachaca_ as assistant. Another
important measure was the settlement of the tribute. The name "tribute"
was unfortunate. The system was that of the Incas, and the same which
prevailed throughout the east. The government was the landlord, and the
so-called "tribute" was rent. The Incas took two-thirds for the state
and for religion, and set apart one-third for the cultivators. Toledo
did much the same, assessing, according to the nature of the soil, the
crops, and other local circumstances. For the formation of villages and
the assessment of the tribute he promulgated a whole code of ordinances,
many of them intended to prevent local oppression in various forms.

The Viceroy next took up the questions of the position of _yana-cunas_
or domestic servants, and of forced service. Both these institutions
existed in Incarial times. All that was needed were moderate laws for
the protection of servants and conscripts, and the enforcement of such
laws. Toledo allowed