suffered a crushing
defeat, and sued for an armistice.

Meanwhile the French under Massena were hemmed in in Genoa by an English
fleet and an Austrian army. Napoleon started from France with a force of
thirty-six thousand men, in four days crossed the Alps into Piedmont, and
attacked the Austrians under Melas at Marengo; Napoleon saved from defeat
by General Desaix's division, which arrived in time to make a brilliant
charge when Napoleon's army was retreating; Desaix killed; Melas sued for
an armistice; French masters of Italy. Genoa surrendered, fifteen thousand
men having died of starvation, but was returned to the French. England
reduced Malta. Russia joined with Denmark and Sweden in an armed
neutrality against England. The English stood firm against Napoleon. The
English navy grew stronger, and maritime trade increased. The French navy
dwindled, and trade was at a standstill. The Irish Parliament met for the
last time, one hundred members from Ireland being admitted to the next
session of the English Parliament. Bread riots in England.

The United States Congress met for the first time at Washington. Voltaic
pile discovered by Volta. Mary Kres, for a straw-weaving device, obtained
the first patent granted a woman in America. William Cowper, English poet,
died.

=POPULATION--Washington, D.C., 3,210; New York City (with boroughs now
forming Greater New York), 79,216; New York (Manhattan), 60,515; London
(including Metropolitan District, census 1801), 864,484; London (old city,
census 1801), 158,859; United States, 5,308,433; Great Britain (census
1801), 10,942,646.=

=RULERS--United States, John Adams; Great Britain, George III; France,
Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul; Spain, Charles IV; Prussia, Frederick
William III; Russia, Paul; Germany, including Austria, Francis II; Sweden,
Gustavus IV; Portugal, Maria Francesca--eldest son, John, regent; Pope,
Pius VII.=

1801

Peace of Luneville between France and Germany; the Rhine as far as the
Dutch frontier made the boundary of France, the Helvetian (Swiss),
Cisalpine, and Ligurian republics to be recognized, and the treaty of
Campo Formio confirmed. Spain ceded Louisiana to France. Peace between
France and Naples closed the ports of Naples to England, and began a
continental embargo. Pitt resigned as English prime minister. King George
III suffered a recurring attack of insanity; recovered. English defeated
the French at Aboukir and Alexandria and capture