n of South
America, the unification of Italy, and the creation of the
kingdoms of Greece, Servia, and Rumania. It saw the United
States grow from a small nation to a rich and powerful one;
it witnessed the development of Great Britain's scattered
colonies into the most extensive empire the world has yet
known; and in its latter years it beheld the rise of Germany
to commanding military power and great industrial
prosperity. The progress made in the field of invention was
astounding. The coming of the railroad and the steamship
revolutionized the history of civilization. The art,
literature, and drama of the world were greatly enriched,
and music entered upon what may truly be said to be its
golden age.

But, confronted by this great mass of events, how many
persons are there who are able to tell the story of the
years in which those events occurred? Several histories of
the nineteenth century have been written, but none of them
has yet succeeded in giving the clear, concise view that the
one now published in THE SCRAP BOOK purposes to give. This
will be complete in ten instalments, each instalment
covering a period of ten years. We begin with the year 1800,
the last of the eighteenth century, in order to give the
reader a clearer understanding of the situation of affairs
at the opening of the nineteenth.

1800

Napoleon, then the dominating figure of the world, continued the work of
reorganizing the government, centralizing power in his own hands; subdued
the last of the French loyalists, and took the Tuileries as his residence.
Only Paul, the imbecile Czar of Russia, returned a favorable answer to the
request for friendly relations sent by Napoleon to the powers the previous
December.

In Egypt, General Kleber, commander of the French forces, agreed with the
English admiral, Sir Sydney Smith, to evacuate the country; treaty
rejected by the English Parliament; Kleber drove the grand vizier into
Syria; restored French rule in Egypt; assassinated by an Arab; succeeded
by General Menou.

War resumed between France and Austria; General Moreau defeated the
Germans and Austrians under Kray at Engen and Moeskirch in Baden and at
Biberach in Wuertemberg; in Bavaria Lecourbe and Ney took Memmingen; Ney
defeated General Mack at Ulm; and at Hochstaedt Moreau again defeated the
Austrians. Finally, at Hohenlinden, the Austrians