ange rates: Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 60,502.1 (January
1996), 45,845.1 (1995), 29,608.7 (1994), 10,984.6 (1993), 6,872.4
(1992), 4,171.8 (1991)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Transportation
--------------

Railways:
total: 10,386 km
standard gauge: 10,386 km 1.435-m gauge (1,088 km electrified)

Highways:
total: 386,704 km
paved: 45,683 km (including 862 km of expressways)
unpaved: 341,021 km (1992 est.)

Waterways: about 1,200 km

Pipelines: crude oil 1,738 km; petroleum products 2,321 km;
natural gas 708 km

Ports: Gemlik, Hopa, Iskenderun, Istanbul, Izmir, Izmit, Mersin,
Samsun, Trabzon

Merchant marine:
total: 465 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,509,741
GRT/9,494,434 DWT
ships by type: bulk 139, cargo 212, chemical tanker 18, combination
bulk 7, combination ore/oil 12, container 2, liquefied gas tanker 4,
livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 43, passenger-cargo 1, refrigerated
cargo 2, roll-on/roll-off cargo 15, short-sea passenger 7,
specialized tanker 2
note: Turkey owns an additional 18 ships (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 247,369 DWT operating under the registries of Malta,
Panama, Libya, and Greece (1995 est.)

Airports:
total: 104
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 17
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 19
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 12
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 18
with paved runways under 914 m: 28
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 2
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 8 (1995 est.)

Heliports: 2 (1995 est.)

Communications
--------------

Telephones: 6.89 million (1990 est.)

Telephone system: fair domestic and international systems
domestic: trunk microwave radio relay network; limited open-wire
network
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 2 Inmarsat (Indian and Atlantic Ocean
regions); 1 submarine cable

Radio broadcast stations: AM 15, FM 94, shortwave 0

Radios: 9.4 million (1992 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 357

Televisions: 10.53 million (1993 est.)

Defense
-------

Branches: Land Forces, Navy (includes Naval Air and Naval
Infantry), Air Force, Coast Guard, Gendarmerie

Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 16,937,828
males fit for military service: 10,312,010
males reach military age (20) annually: 637,456 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $6.0 billion, 4%