wer, ferrous and nonferrous metals,
chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, grain, meat
partners: other FSU countries, China, Italy, Switzerland

Imports: $10.7 billion (1995)
commodities: energy, machinery and parts, transportation equipment,
chemicals, textiles
partners: other FSU countries, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic

External debt: $8.8 billion (including $4.5 billion to Russia)
(late 1995 est.)

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $220 million (1993)
note: commitments, 1992-95, $4.5 billion ($4.1 billion drawn)

Currency: on 2 September 1996, Ukraine introduced the long-awaited
hryvnia (plural hryvni) as its national currency, replacing the
karbovanets (in circulation since 12 November 1992) at a rate of
100,000 karbovantsi to 1 hryvnia

Exchange rates: hryvnia per US$1 - 1.76 (2 September 1996)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Transportation
--------------

Railways:
total: 23,350 km
broad gauge: 23,350 km 1.524-m gauge (8,600 km electrified)

Highways:
total: 169,964 km
paved: 168,094 km (including 1,767 km of expressways)
unpaved: 1,870 km (1992 est.)

Waterways: 4,400 km navigable waterways, of which 1,672 km were on
the Pryp''yat' and Dnipro (1990)

Pipelines: crude oil 2,010 km; petroleum products 1,920 km;
natural gas 7,800 km (1992)

Ports: Berdyans'k, Illichivs'k, Izmayil, Kerch, Kherson, Kiev
(Kyyiv), Mariupol', Mykolayiv, Odesa, Pivdenne, Reni

Merchant marine:
total: 353 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,262,341
GRT/4,356,374 DWT
ships by type: barge carrier 5, bulk 39, cargo 217, chemical tanker
2, combination bulk 1, container 11, multifunction large-load
carrier 3, oil tanker 21, passenger 7, passenger-cargo 5, railcar
carrier 2, refrigerated cargo 5, roll-on/roll-off cargo 32,
short-sea passenger 3 (1995 est.)

Airports:
total: 706
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 14
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 55
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 34
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 3
with paved runways under 914 m: 57
with unpaved runways over 3 047 m: 7
with unpaved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 7
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 16
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 37
with unpaved runways under 914 m: 476 (1994 est.)

Communications
--------------

Telephones: NA

Telephone system: system is unsatisfactory both for business and
for personal use; 3.56 million applicati