be E. Vacandard in his contribution to the
_Dictionnaire de theologie catholique_ (vol. ii. art. "Celibat
ecclesiastique"). (G. G. Co.)

FOOTNOTES:

[1] W. Smith, _Dict. of Greek and Roman Antiquities_ (3rd ed.), vol.
ii. p. 44.

[2] "In the 14th century, the city of Ilchi, in Chinese Tartary,
possessed 14 monasteries, averaging 3000 devotees in each; while in
Tibet, at the present time, there are in the vicinity of Lhassa 12
great monasteries, containing a population of 18,500 lamas. In Ladak
the proportion of lamas to the laity is as 1 to 13, in Spiti 1 to 7,
and in Burmah 1 to 30" (Lea i. 103).

[3] 1 Cor. vii. 25 sq., ix. 5; 1 Tim. iii. 2, 11, 12; Titus i. 6; E.
Vacandard in _Dict. de Theol. Cath._, s.v. "Celibat."

[4] This was a natural argument for the defenders of clerical
celibacy even in far later times. St Bonaventura (d. 1274) puts this
very strongly: "For if archbishops and bishops now had children, they
would rob and plunder all the goods of the Church so that little or
nothing would be left for the poor. For since they now heap up wealth
and enrich nephews removed from them by almost incalculable degrees
of affinity, what would they do if they had legitimate children?...
Therefore the Holy Ghost in His providence hath removed this
stumbling-block," &c. &c. (_In Sent._ lib. iv. dist. xxxvii art. i.
quaest. 3).

[5] Hefele, _Beitrage zur Kirchengesch. u.s.w._ i. 139.

[6] See the quotations in Lea i. 156. These prohibitions were renewed
in the 13th and 14th centuries (ibid. i. 410).

[7] Ratherius, _Itinerarium_, c. 5 (Migne, _P.L._ cxxxvi. col. 585).
Gulielmus Apulus writes of southern Italy in 1059: "In these parts
priests, deacons and the whole clergy were publicly married" (_De
Normann._ lib. ii.).

[8] Dom Pommeraye, _S. Rotomag. Eccl. Concilia_, pp. 56, 65; cf.
similar instances on p. 315 of Dr A. Dresdner's _Kultur-und
Sittengeschichte d. italienischen Geistlichkeit im 10. und 11. Jhdt._
(Breslau, 1890).

[9] _Opusc._ xvii. praef. The saint's evidence is carefully weighed
by Dresdner (l.c.), especially on pp. 309 ff. and 321 ff.

[10] Even Pope Innocent III. was compelled to decide that priests who
had kept two or more concubines, successively or simultaneously, did
not thereby incur the disabilities which attended digamists; or, in
other words, that