late upland lying well to the north of
the Muztagh-Karakoram range. Finally in the north-east corner of Kashmir
the frontier impinges on the great Central Asian axis of the Kuenlun.
From this point it turns southwards and separates Chinese Tibet from the
salt Lingzi Thang plains and the Indus valley in Kashmir, and the
eastern part of the native state of Bashahr, which physically form a
portion of Tibet.

~Boundary with United Provinces.~--The south-east corner of Bashahr is a
little to the north of the great Kedarnath peak in the Central Himalaya
and of the source of the Jamna. Here the frontier strikes to the west
dividing Bashahr from Teri Garhwal, a native state under the control of
the government of the United Provinces. Turning again to the south it
runs to the junction of the Tons and Jamna, separating Teri Garhwal from
Sirmur and some of the smaller Simla Hill States. Henceforth the Jamna
is with small exceptions the boundary between the Panjab and the United
Provinces.

~Boundary with Afghanistan.~--We must now return to our starting-point at
the eastern extremity of the Hindu Kush, and trace the boundary with
Afghanistan. The frontier runs west and south-west along the Hindu Kush
to the Dorah pass dividing Chitral from the Afghan province of Wakhan,
and streams which drain into the Indus from the head waters of the Oxus.
At the Dorah pass it turns sharply to the south, following a great spur
which parts the valley of the Chitral river (British) from that of its
Afghan affluent, the Bashgol. Below the junction of the two streams at
Arnawai the Chitral changes its name and becomes the Kunar. Near this
point the "Durand" line begins. In 1893 an agreement was made between
the Amir Abdurrahman and Sir Mortimer Durand as representative of the
British Government determining the frontier line from Chandak in the
valley of the Kunar, twelve miles north of Asmar, to the Persian border.
Asmar is an Afghan village on the left bank of the Kunar to the south of
Arnawai. In 1894 the line was demarcated along the eastern watershed of
the Kunar valley to Nawakotal on the confines of Bajaur and the country
of the Mohmands.

Thence the frontier, which has not been demarcated, passes through the
heart of the Mohmand country to the Kabul river and beyond it to our
frontier post in the Khaibar at Landikhana.

From this point the line, still undemarcated, runs on in a
south-westerly direction to the Safed Koh, and then strikes w