Panjab meet. It culminates forty
miles south of the Gomal in the fine Kaisargarh mountain (11,295 feet),
which is a very conspicuous object from the plains of the Derajat. On
the side of Kaisargarh there is a shrine called Takht i Suliman or
Throne of Solomon, and this is the name by which Englishmen usually know
the mountain, and which has been passed on to the whole range.
Proceeding southwards the general elevation of the chain drops
steadily. But Fort Munro, the hill station of the Dera Ghazi Khan
district, 200 miles south of the Takht, still stands 6300 feet above sea
level, and it looks across at the fine peak of Ekbhai, which is more
than 1000 feet higher. In the south of the Dera Ghazi Khan district the
general level of the chain is low, arid the Giandari hill, though only
4160 feet above the sea, stands out conspicuously. Finally near where
the three jurisdictions meet the hills melt into the Kachh Gandava
plain. Sir Thomas Holdich's description of the rugged Pathan hills
applies also to the Suliman range. Kaisargarh is a fine limestone
mountain crowned by a forest of the edible _chilgoza_ pine. But the
ordinary tree growth, where found at all, is of a much humbler kind,
consisting of gnarled olives and dwarf palms.

~Passes and torrents in Suliman Hills.~--The drainage of the western
slopes of the Suliman range finding no exit on that side has had to wear
out ways for itself towards the plains which lie between the foot of the
hills and the Indus. This is the explanation of the large number of
passes, about one hundred, which lead from the plains into the Suliman
hills. The chief from north to south are the Vehoa, the Sangarh, the
Khair, the Kaha, the Chachar, and the Siri, called from the torrents
which flow through them to the plains. There is an easy route through
the Chachar to Biluchistan. But unfortunately the water of the torrent
is brackish.

~Sub Himalaya or Siwaliks.~--In its lowest ridges the Himalaya drops to a
height of about 5000 feet. But the traveller to any of the summer
resorts in the mountains passes through a zone of lower hills
interspersed sometimes with valleys or "duns." These consist of Tertiary
sandstones, clays, and boulder conglomerates, the debris in fact which
the Himalaya has dropped in the course of ages. To this group of hills
and valleys the general name of Siwaliks is given. East of the Jhelam it
includes the Nahan hills to the north of Ambala, the low hills of
Kangra, Hosh