yarpur, Gurdaspur, and Jammu, and the Pabbi hills in Gujrat.
But it is to the west of the Jhelam that the system has its greatest
extension. Practically the whole of the soil of the plains of the
Attock, Rawalpindi, and Jhelam districts consists of disintegrated
Siwalik sandstone, and differs widely in appearance and agricultural
quality from the alluvium of the true Panjab plains. The low hills of
these districts belong to the same system, but the Salt Range is only in
part Siwalik. Altogether Siwalik deposits in the Panjab cover an area of
13,000 square miles. Beyond the Indus the hills of the Kohat district
and a part of the Suliman range are of Tertiary age.

~The Great Panjab Plain.~--The passage from the highlands to the plains is
as a rule abrupt, and the contrast between the two is extraordinary.
This is true without qualification of the tract between the Jamna and
the Jhelam. It is equally true of British districts west of the Jhelam
and south of the Salt Range and of lines drawn from Kalabagh on the west
bank of the Indus southwards to Paniala and thence north-west through
the Pezu pass to the Waziristan hills. In all that vast plain, if we
except the insignificant hills in the extreme south-west of the province
ending to the north in the historic ridge at Delhi, some hillocks of
gneiss near Tosham in Hissar, and the curious little isolated rocks at
Kirana, Chiniot, and Sangla near the Chenab and Jhelam, the only
eminences are petty ridges of windblown sand and the "_thehs_" or mounds
which represent the accumulated debris of ancient village sites. At the
end of the Jurassic period and later this great plain was part of a sea
bed. Far removed as the Indian ocean now is the height above sea level
of the Panjab plain east of the Jhelam is nowhere above 1000 feet. Delhi
and Lahore are both just above the 700 feet line. The hills mentioned
above are humble time-worn outliers of the very ancient Aravalli system,
to which the hills of Rajputana belong. Kirana and Sangla were already
of enormous age, when they were islands washed by the waves of the
Tertiary sea. A description of the different parts of the vast Panjab
plain, its great stretches of firm loam, and its tracts of sand and sand
hills, which the casual observer might regard as pure desert, will be
given in the paragraphs devoted to the different districts.

~The Salt Range.~--The tract west of the Jhelam, and bounded on the south
by the Salt Range cis-Indu