Kishnganga, and probably across it to the mountains which flank the
magnificent Kagan glen in Hazara.

[Illustration: Fig. 5. Rotang Pass.]

[Illustration: Fig. 6. Mt Haramukh.]

~Outer Himalaya or Dhauladhar-Pir Panjal Range.~--The Outer Himalaya also
starts from a point near the Rotang pass, but some way to the south of
the offset of the Mid Himalayan chain. Its main axis runs parallel to
the latter, and under the name of the Dhauladhar (white ridge) forms the
boundary of the Chamba State and Kangra, behind whose headquarters, at
Dharmsala it stands up like a huge wall. It has a mean elevation of
15,000 feet, but rises as high as 16,000. It passes from Chamba into
Bhadarwah in Kashmir, and crossing the Chenab is carried on as the Pir
Panjal range through the south of that State. With an elevation of only
14,000 or 15,000 feet it is a dwarf as compared with the giants of the
Inner Himalayan and Muztagh-Karakoram chains. But it hides them from the
dwellers in the Panjab, and its snowy crest is a very striking picture
as seen in the cold weather from the plains of Rawalpindi, Jhelam, and
Gujrat. The Outer Himalaya is continued beyond the gorges of the Jhelam
and Kishnganga rivers in Kajnag and the hills of the Hazara district.
Near the eastern extremity of the Dhauladhar section of the Outer
Himalaya it sends out southwards between Kulu and Mandi a lower
offshoot. This is crossed by the Babbu (9480 feet) and Dulchi passes,
connecting Kulu with Kangra through Mandi. Geologically the Kulu-Mandi
range appears to be continued to the east of the Bias and across the
Sutlej over Hattu and the Chor to the hills near Masuri (Mussoorie), a
well-known hill station in the United Provinces. Another offshoot at the
western end of the Dhauladhar passes through the beautiful hill station
of Dalhousie, and sinks into the low hills to the east of the Ravi,
where it leaves Chamba and enters the British district of Gurdaspur.

~River Valleys and Passes in the Himalaya.~--While these principal chains
can be traced from south-east to north-west over hundreds of miles it
must be remembered that the Himalaya is a mountain mass from 150 to 200
miles broad, that the main axes are linked together by subsidiary cross
chains dividing the head waters of great rivers, and flanked by long and
lofty ridges running down at various angles to the gorges of these
streams and their tributaries. The typical Himalayan river runs in a
gorge with mountains di