ter of cruelty.

The short-lived dominion of the White Huns was destroyed by the Turks
and Persians about the year 565 A.D.

~Panjab in seventh century A.D.~--From various sources, one of the most
valuable being the Memoirs of the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Hiuen Tsang,
who travelled in India from 630 to 644 A.D., we know something of
Northern India in the first half of the seventh century. Hiuen Tsang was
at Kanauj as a guest of a powerful king named Harsha, whose first
capital was at Thanesar, and who held a suzerainty over all the rajas
from the Brahmaputra to the Bias. West of that river the king of Kashmir
was also overlord of Taxila, Urasa, Parnotsa (Punch), Rajapuri (Rajauri)
and Sinhapura, which seems to have included the Salt Range. The Peshawar
valley was probably ruled by the Turki Shahiya kings of Kabul. The rest
of the Panjab was divided between a kingdom called by Hiuen Tsang
Tsekhia, whose capital was somewhere near Sialkot, and the important
kingdom of Sindh, in which the Indus valley as far north as the Salt
Range was included. Harsha died in 647 A.D. and his empire collapsed.

~Kashmir under Hindu Kings.~--For the next century China was at the height
of its power. It established a suzerainty over Kashmir, Udyana (Swat),
Yasin, and Chitral. The first was at this period a powerful Hindu
kingdom. Its annals, as recorded in Kalhana's Rajatarangini, bear
henceforward a real relation to history. In 733 A.D. King Muktapida
Lalitaditya received investiture from the Chinese Emperor. Seven years
later he defeated the King of Kanauj on the Ganges. A ruler who carried
his arms so far afield must have been very powerful in the Northern
Panjab. The remains of the wonderful Martand temple, which he built in
honour of the Sun God, are a standing memorial of his greatness. The
history of Kashmir under its Hindu kings for the next 400 years is for
the most part that of a wretched people ground down by cruel tyrants. A
notable exception was Avantidharman--855-883 A.D.--whose minister,
Suyya, carried out very useful drainage and irrigation works.

[Illustration: Fig. 58. Martand Temple.]

~The Panjab, 650-1000 A.D.~--We know little of Panjab history in the 340
years which elapsed between the death of Harsha and the beginning of the
Indian raids of the Sultans of Ghazni in 986-7 A.D. The conquest of the
kingdom of Sindh by the Arab general, Muhammad Kasim, occurred some
centuries earlier, in 712 A.D. Multan, the city of