guese. In
other words, the English nation has evolved an English way of living,
just as the Portuguese have adapted themselves to governing society,
attacking nature in their own way.

Now assume that these two nationalities with their unlike national
habits and traditions are planted in the new world. Assume the one as
living in a warm temperate clime, and the other under equatorial
conditions. Assume that the first nationality is self-sufficient to
establish a colony, and opposed to intermarriage with other races; and
then imagine the second case, where there exist a few colonists in
womanless settlements with consequent marriages between the native and
European common, and a large half-breed population as the result. With
such diversities in national character, in the make-up of the
individuals, in natural and social environment, could we expect the
two peoples to react similarly to a given social institution? No
wonder then, that slavery in the English colonies of North America was
very much unlike the institution as it existed in Brazil.

Brazil was being tilled by slave labor long before the settlement of
Jamestown, and still boasted of hordes of slaves on its plantations as
late as a quarter century after the Emancipation Proclamation in the
United States had been issued. As early as 1585, Pernambuco could
claim 10,000 African slaves and Bahia something like three or four
thousand,[1] whereas the first shipment of slaves to the English
colonies in America was introduced into Jamestown harbor by a Dutch
ship as late as August, 1619.[2]

In Brazil the slave trade received an impetus as a result of royal
restrictions and Jesuits' opposition to the enslavement of Indians,
thereby compelling the more law-abiding and docile settlers to turn
from exploiting the native labor and to seek its labor supply from
Africa.[3] The labor demands of the great sugar plantations, cotton
fields, tobacco lands, and later the mines, kept the slave poachers on
the Guinea and Angola Coast busy, so that by the middle of the
eighteenth century slaves were entering Brazil on a vast scale. From
1759 to 1803, according to Keller, the colonial registers give as
consigned from Angola to Brazil 642,000 Negroes. Thus, by 1800 fully
one half of the total Brazilian population of 3,200,000 was slave, and
by 1818 there were 1,930,000 slaves besides some 526,000 free Negroes
and mulattoes, in all about sixty-three per cent of the total.[4] By
the