eads, soliciting work. This type was called "Negroes de
ganho." Others bore great tubs on their heads with which they drew
water from fountains to supply the inhabitants. At dusk the street was
crowded with slaves carrying the refuse of the city to the dumps.
Slave labor removed the imported goods from the docks. Few had the
help of wagons. The English had tried to introduce carts to help the
toiling slaves at the wharves, but the custom house clerks would have
none of them, as they were making a "haul" on the city by hiring out
their slaves, and wagons would lessen the amount of work to be
done.[15]

In the United States slaves were owned by planters and private
individuals exclusively. In Brazil besides the planter class, large
plantations were owned by such religious orders as the Benedictine and
Carmelite friars, who treated their slaves with the greatest regard
for comfort and ease.[16] Furthermore, there were slaves belonging to
the government. As late as the outbreak of the American Civil War,
the annual report of the Brazilian minister of finance shows more than
1,500 government slaves.[17] One thing in favor of Brazil, however,
was that the horrible shortcomings of absentee ownership on large
plantations did not exist to any extent, since most of the proprietors
resided on their own respective estates.[18]

Summing up the general condition of the Negro slave in both lands, we
notice that (1) Brazilian slavery antedated and postulated American
slavery; (2) that there were a larger number of slaves and a greater
proportion to the total population in Brazil than in America; (3) that
Brazilian slavery received its impetus through the cutting off of the
native labor supply and the growth of sugar cultivation; whereas
American slavery was stimulated by the invention of the cotton gin;
(4) that in both countries slaves were engaged in diversified
occupations, except that in Brazil besides agriculture and domestic
pursuits, slaves were employed in almost every variety of unskilled
and semi-skilled labor; (5) that in Brazil slavery was homogeneously
distributed rather than in sectional patches; and (6), finally, that
both the state and religious bodies owned slaves in Brazil.

THE SOCIAL SIDE OF SLAVERY

The living conditions of the Negroes in both the United States and
Brazil varied in relation to the type of work. Domestic slaves in the
former were generally treated well in the households of their masters.
In B