lave. Then the slave with a note,
declaring the master's intentions, might seek out some neighboring
planter with a good reputation, and if the desired new master decided
to pay the price set, the old master, according to Luccock,[36] was
obliged to sell the slave. In practice the plan did not work out so
well, because one planter did not care to interfere in the other's
affairs, and often the evaluation of the slave could not be agreed
upon.[37]

A slave could be and was manumitted in both the United States and
Brazil. In Brazil manumission could be accomplished in the following
ways: (1) the slave could purchase himself; (2) his master could
liberate him during his life; (3) or he could manumit him at his
death; (4) a Negro woman who had brought ten children into the world
by virtue of her tenth became free; (5) also, the price of a new-born
babe was so slight, that often the infant was purchased its freedom by
friends.[38] In fact, manumission had been so extensive, that by 1818
mulattoes and free Negroes had become a considerable part of the
population.[39] In the United States there were 488,070 freedmen in
1860.[40]

As for holding common ordinary citizen's rights, the Negro slave in
both countries was out of consideration. In the Old South, for
instance, a slave could be arrested, tried, and condemned with but one
witness against him, and without a jury.[41] In Brazil he was equally
as defenceless. Professional slave runaway catchers might pounce upon
a slave who was about his duty, imprison him, subject him to
indignities, on the ground that he was a fugitive, and return him to
his master, claiming money for their trouble. In such a sad case, no
one would take the slave's part, none would believe his story.[42]

The privileges of the slave as to being secure against violent
treatment, of securing his own freedom, of selecting another master,
or of claiming any plain citizen's immunities whatsoever, then, were
very slight in both Brazil and the United States, but even more so in
our own Southland.

SLAVE RESISTANCE

Docile as the African slave was, he was bound at times to attempt to
free himself from the drudgery and sufferings of his lot. Naturally
the most direct, impulsive, and simple method was escape. Hence, we
are brought to compare the fugitive slave problem in Brazil to the
same problem in the United States.

In our own country the South had to combat an effective force which
did not exist in