and
surely the Darwinian theory is equally helpless to account for the
beginning of a new organ, while it demands as imperatively that
every stage in the assumed hereditary development of an organ must
have been useful.... Lamarck gave great importance to the influence
of new wants acting indirectly by stimulating growth and use. Darwin
has given like importance to the effects of accidental variations
acting indirectly by giving advantage in the struggle for existence.
The speculative writings of Darwin have, however, been interwoven
with a vast number of beautiful experiments and observations bearing
on his speculations, though by no means proving his theory of
evolution; while the speculations of Lamarck lie apart from his
wonderful descriptive labors, unrelieved by intermixture with other
matters capable of attracting the numerous class who, provided they
have new facts set before them, are not careful to limit themselves
to the conclusions strictly deducible therefrom. But those who read
the _Philosophie Zoologique_ will find how many truths often
supposed to be far more modern are stated with abundant clearness in
its pages." (_Encyc. Brit._, art. "Lamarck.")

COMPARATIVE SUMMARY OF THE VIEWS OF THE FOUNDERS OF THE THEORY OF
EVOLUTION, WITH DATES OF PUBLICATION.

-------------+-------------+------------------------+------------+------------
|Erasmus | |Geoffroy St.|Charles
Buffon |Darwin |Lamarck |Hilaire |Darwin
(1761-1778). |(1790-1794). |(1801-1809-1815). |(1795-1831).|(1859).
-------------+-------------+------------------------+------------+------------
| | | |
All animals |All animals |All organisms arose from|Unity of |Universal
possibly |derived from |germs. First germ |organization|tendency to
derived from |a single |originated by |in animal |fortuitous
a single |filament. |spontaneous generation. |kingdom. |variability
type. | |Development from the | |assumed.
| |simple to the complex. |Change of |
Time, its | |Animal series not |"milieu |
great length,| |continuous, but |ambiant," |
stated. | |tree-like; graduated |direct. |