or of
associations."

Cope, in the final chapter of his _Primary Factors of Organic
Evolution_, entitled "The Functions of Consciousness," goes to much
farther extremes than the French philosopher has been accused of doing,
and unhesitatingly attributes consciousness to all animals. "Whatever be
its nature," he says, "the preliminary to any animal movement which is
not automatic is an effort." Hence he regards effort as the immediate
source of all movement, and considers that the control of muscular
movements by consciousness is distinctly observable; in fact, he even
goes to the length of affirming that reflex acts are the product of
conscious acts, whereas it is plain enough that reflex acts are always
the result of some stimulus.

Another case mentioned by Lamarck in his _Animaux sans Vertebres_, which
has been pronounced as absurd and ridiculous, and has aided in throwing
his whole theory into disfavor, is his way of accounting for the
development of the tentacles of the snail, which is quoted on p. 348.

This account is a very probable and, in fact, the only rational
explanation. The initial cause of such structures is the intermittent
stimulus of occasional contact with surrounding objects, the irritation
thus set up causing a flow of the blood to the exposed parts receiving
the stimuli. The general cause is the same as that concerned in the
production of horns and other hard defensive projections on the heads of
various animals.

In commenting on this case of the snail, Professor Cleland, in his just
and discriminating article on Lamarck, says:

"However absurd this may seem, it must be admitted that, unlimited
time having been once granted for organs to be developed in series
of generations, the objections to their being formed in the way here
imagined are only such as equally apply to the theory of their
origin by natural selection.... In judging the reasonableness of the
second law of Lamarck [referring to new wants, see p. 346] as
compared with more modern and now widely received theories, it must
be observed that it is only an extension of his third law; and that
third law is a fact. The strengthening of the blacksmith's arm by
use is proverbially notorious. It is, therefore, only the
sufficiency of the Lamarckian hypothesis to explain the first
commencement of new organs which is in question, if evolution by the
mere operation of forces acting in the organic world be granted;