rly summer)
=Meadow Parsnip, Thaspium aureum var. atropurpureum.=

10b. Flowers yellow --11.

11a. Stem-leaves once-ternate; leaflets finely serrate (4-8 dm. high;
early summer) =Meadow Parsnip, Thaspium aureum.=

11b. Many stem-leaves 2-3-ternate; leaflets coarsely serrate or incised
(6-12 dm. high; early summer) =Meadow Parsnip, Thaspium barbinode.=

12a. Basal and lower stem-leaves 2-3-ternate
=Golden Alexander, Zizia aurea.=

12b. Basal leaves simple; stem-leaves once-ternate
=Golden Alexander, Zizia cordata.=

13a. Leaves once-pinnate (or the submerged leaves decompound, if
present) (summer) --14.

13b. Leaves ternately, palmately, or 2-3-pinnately compound --16.

14a. Leaflets mostly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, some of them
coarsely incised (3-9 dm. high)
=Water Parsnip, Berula erecta.=

14b. Leaflets linear to oblong, serrate to nearly entire, not
incised (6-15 dm. high) --15.

15a. Leaflets entire, or with a few low remote teeth
=Cowbane, Oxypolis rigidior.=

15b. Leaflets finely but sharply serrate
=Water Parsnip, Sium cicutaefolium.=

16a. Leaves principally basal, decompound; flowers in early spring
(1-2 dm. high) =Harbinger of Spring, Erigenia bulbosa.=

16b. Leaves principally on the stem --17.

17a. Leaves palmately or ternately once-compound --18.

17b. Leaves 2-3 times compound or decompound --24.

18a. Flowers short-pedicelled, crowded in head-like umbels,
greenish; ovary bristly (4-9 dm. high; early summer) (Black
Snakeroot) --19.

18b. Flowers in open umbels, white --22.

19a. Styles short, not projecting beyond the bristles of the mature
fruit --20.

19b. Styles long, projecting beyond the bristles of the fruit, and
recurved --21.

20a. Staminate flowers on pedicels 3-4 mm. long, equaling or barely
exceeding the fruit =Black Snakeroot, Sanicula trifoliata.=

20b. Staminate flowers short-pedicelled, concealed among the fruits
=Black Snakeroot, Sanicula canadensis.=

21a. Fruit short-stalked, 4 mm. long or less
=Black Snakeroot, San