ce interne des navires a commerce." In
Borneo, China, Korea, Morocco, Persia, Siam, Tripoli and Turkey an
extensive jurisdiction, civil and criminal, is exercised by treaty
stipulation in cases where United States subjects are interested.
Exemption from liability to appear as a witness is often stipulated. The
question was raised in France in 1843 by the case of the Spanish consul
Soller at Aix, and in America in 1854 by the case of Dillon, the French
consul at San Francisco, who, on being arrested by Judge Hoffmann for
declining to give evidence in a criminal suit, pulled down his consular
flag. So, also, inviolability of national archives is often stipulated.
To the consuls of other nations the United States government have always
accorded the privileges of arresting deserters, and of being themselves
amenable only to the Federal and not to the States courts. They also
recognize foreign consuls as representative suitors for absent
foreigners.

The United States commercial agents are appointed by the president, and
usually receive an _exequatur_. They form a class by themselves, and are
distinct from the consular agents, who are simply deputy consuls in
districts where there is no principal consul.

By a law of April 1906 the U.S. consular service was reorganized and
graded, the office of consul-general being divided into seven classes,
and that of consul into nine classes; and on June 27 an executive order
was issued by President Roosevelt governing appointments and promotions.

See A. de Miltitz, _Manuel des consuls_ (London and Berlin,
1837-1843); Baron Ferdinand de Cussy, _Dictionnaire du diplomate et
du consul_ (Leipzig, 1846), and _Reglements consulaires des
principaux etats maritimes de l`Europe et de l`Amerique_ (ib., 1851);
Tuson, _British Consul's Manual_ (London, 1856); De Clercq, _Guide
pratique des consulats_ (1st ed., 1858, 5th ed. by de Vallat, Paris,
1898); C. J. Tarring, _British Consular Jurisdiction in the East_
(London, 1887); Lippmann, _Die Konsularjurisdiktion im Orient_
(Berlin, 1898); Zorn, _Die Konsulargesetzgebung des deutschen Reichs_
(2nd ed., Berlin, 1901); v. Koenig, _Handbuch des deutschen
Konsularwesens_ (6th ed., Berlin, 1902); Martens, _Das deutsche
Konsular-und Kolonialrecht_ (Leipzig, 1904); Malfatti di Monte
Tretto, _Handbuch des oesterreichischungarischen Konsularwesens_ (2
vols., 2nd ed., Vienna, 1904). See also the _Parliamentary Report